Contemporary urban Flashcards

Question

How has urban landscape changed?

Answer 1

convenience and comparison goods led to the formation of local shops. 1970's: supermarkets built which sold both food and electrical products 1980's:retail parks created 2000's: e commerce becoming increasingly popular, with many high street shops facing decline

Answer 2

Many retailers move out the CBD to the edge of the city, which causes the donut and polo affect a sit leads to a economic and social retailing hole in the middle of the city. 2000-2009- 15,000 shops closed

Answer 3

leisure hotels residential areas night life street entertainment

Answer 4

the urban form that is associated with changes in the urban structure and a citys architectural design It reflects social and economic changes since late 20th century

Answer 5

where a city is more culturally diverse

Answer 6

Where there are more global chains of shops rather than local

Answer 7

Where buildings link to history

Answer 8

where the art is varied and links to the heritage of the city

Answer 9

where areas are protected/security

Answer 10

an area that is designed with the purpose of security an protection. It ensures that those visiting an urban area is protected and the wrong people are discouraged from entering

Answer 11

a settlement on the edge of a large urban area that is caused by urban sprawl close to transport links have offices, shops and leisure facilities as car ownership has increased contains some housing, but mainly used for offices or to use services an example is LA- central sity has 30km, and population of 4 million but wider area is 100km, with 18 million

Answer 12

an area that is dominated by services or 'knowledgeable' economies that create employment and attract businesses

Answer 13

where a city is privately owned

Answer 14

cultural - an area that links to the culture of the area heritage- an area that links to the history of the city -began in 1980 is a key tool for regeneration as it improves the perceptions of a place attract visitors- encouraging economic development

Answer 15

where wealthier individuals buy run down houses and do them up to rent or sell for a higher price -run by locals or small groups, not governments

Answer 16

due to the rent gap- when people rent a house they dont maintain it well which lowers the value due to increased commuting- more people want to live close to the city creative individuals want to move into an edgier neighbourhood

Answer 17

The inequal distribution of money in a population is a major issue in urban areas, especially in countries such as Asia Africa and south America In Mumbai, the largest home Antilla is towering the largest slum Byculla. The owner of Antilla is worth $21 billion whereas people in Byculla are on less than $2 a day

Answer 18

1- income 2-employment 3-disability 4-health 5-education 6-barriers to housing 7- crime 8-living environment

Answer 19

the level of deprivation in an area that doesnt change overtime

Answer 20

the differences between people which is usually economic over a geographical location

Answer 21

they can both rise and fall together, however inequality can be high in an area with low levels of poverty

Answer 22

-area will look run down and there is no pride in the area-leads to the negative multiplier effect -poor quality houses may get damp and mould- leads to health issues -can be spread of disease and water issues in informal housing -lack of basic infrastructure -higher crime rates people stuck in a cycle of poverty have higher health issues and unemployment, and have less social mobility

Answer 23

1- introcuce a living wage cities like London- means that people can afford basic necessities ans improve living standards 2- provision of schools children can gain a better education so can access higher paying jobs 3-supoort low skilled workers train them and upskill so they can access more jobs 4- affordable housing reduces homelessness 5-improve public transport people can get around and access better jobs

Answer 24

where groups are seperated from eachother housing: property developers may tend to build houses that are bigger and more expensive, as it makes them more profit. they dont consider low income When an area gets gentrified, house prices rise so those living in the area may no longer be able to afford it, and may get pushed out to more deprived areas. Ethnic dimension: when migrants move into an area, they are given poorly paid jobs so can only afford the basic housing. Many migrants of the same ethnicity decide to concentrate together and you see cultural patterns. In these areas, you get places of worship, traditional shops and languages. They may also group together to seek protection from the wider community.

Answer 25

the existence of a variety of cultures/ethnic groups in an area London- known as the world under one roof is one of the most diverse cities in the world impacts on cities: increased migrants as it is the first point of entry have more religious centres and shops located migrants tend to house together however, there may be tensions between some groups the lack of integration between groups can lead to prejudice and discrimination Oldham riots: 2001 racially motivated attacks between asian and white people

Answer 26

where the annual mean temperature of an urban area with a population over 1 mill. is 1-3 degrees higher than the surrounding rural areas

Answer 27

more concrete bricks tarmac - lowers albedo pollution from industry- creates a pollution dome urban areas are designed to dispose surface water quicker- reduces cooling through evapotranspiration more heat from industry, buildings, vehicles

Answer 28

1-risk of damaging historical buildings and monuments 2-uncomfortable for those with allergies 3-health risks- asthma heat stroke 4-higher water usage- restrictions 5-more need for ac 6-higher temperature may accelerate chemical reactions+9

Answer 29

where an urban area develops its own climate compared to the surrounding rural areas

Answer 30

-more darker materials- there is a lower albedo- reflects less of the suns rays and traps more heat in -more pollution due to heat being released from industry- creates a pollution dome and traps heat in urban areas dispose rainwater quicker- less cooling less greenery- less vegetation

Answer 31

urban areas have a very peaky hydrograph -more impermeable surfaces- water gets ro river quicker through overland flow -elaborate drainage systems- water gets to rivers rapidly and increases discharge -reduction in floodplains - more overland flow -more flood barriers- more water boxed in river so can bust its banks

Answer 32

pollutants can be released into rivers higher temperatures can affect ecosystems

Answer 33

sustainable urban drainage systems hard engineering

Answer 34

due to uhi, temperature is much higher in urban areas then surrounding rural areas

Answer 35

higher compared to rural areas as the teperature is higher which encourages low air pressure reasons for this 1- uhi- increases evapotranspiration 2- high rise building- create air turbulance 3- low pressure- draws wind in from rural areas, air converges, rises cools condenses and forms clouds 4-pollutants from the city act as hydroscopic nuclei and assist raindrop formation 5- water vapour released from industry- forces air to rise, cool condense

Answer 36

in general, wind speed is 30% lower compared to surrounding rural areas. can be due to presence of tall buildings, wind direction, and the height of buildings in relation to eachother wind chanellimg: wind passes through long straight canyon like streets- also known as urban canyon. in areas with lots of skyscrapers, you get urban canyon as the building walls act as canyon walls. venturi effect: where the velocity of wind increases as it flows through a narrow gap

Answer 37

much poorer in urban areas due to urban processes such as vehicles, burning fossil fuels releasing particulates in the air

Answer 38

air pollution caused when particulates react with u light from the sun causes many respiratory issues

Answer 39

1- cool surfaces- build with materials with a higher albedo so reflects more sunlight which reduces the temperature 2- green roofs- planting vegetation on roofs can reduce temperature by 20-40 degrees 3-vgetation and trees- by planting trees, it provides shade and acts as natural cooling. also has higher infiltration and acts as a carbon store 4- lighter colour car shells- reduces albedo and heats up slower 5- sky view factor - if theres a higher openness between buildings it reduces the temperature

Answer 40

designed to manage the flow of water sustainably, imrpove water quality and reduce flooding they use techniques that restore natural drainage systems and allow water to flow gradually, rather than getting to rivers quicky

Answer 41

infiltration systems- allow water to soak into the ground rain gardens- act as infiltration systems for clean surface water bioretention areas- areas adapted to treat storm water swales- vegetated areas designed to store infiltration and remove pollutants

Answer 42

you remove hard engineering to restore wetlands and floodplains so drainage turns back to nature

Answer 43

in Seoul in South Korea has population of 10illion, but 24 in larger area is very densely populated with 17,000 per square km built over a small stream and is now densely populated reasons for work: shift from industrialisation to social and environmental sustainability highway proposed many health and safety risks and needed to be demolishes 100,000 businesses along the highway were suffering from pollution

Answer 44

started in 2003 and was a $2.8 million project created rapid bus lanes to discourage car use water pumped from rivers to ensure constant flow +ve attracts tourists attracts investment reduction of cars reduced temp by 2.5% improved noise, air, smell,water pollution restored natural habitats -ve: no consideration for those with mobility issues increased traffic by 12%

Answer 45

fine gradient that is able to penetrate far into human lungs pM10- only 10 micrometres in size carbon dioxide-causes human enhanced global warming carbon monoxide- poisonous gas that is colourless and odourless nitrogen oxide- causes brown haze over cities and can penetrate far into lungs and bloodstream

Answer 46

clean air act-1956 reduce the amount of pollution emitted urban areas can have 10x more nitrogen 2x more co2 increases cloud cover and leads to photochemical smog

Answer 47

congestion charge: £15 daily between 7 am-6pm discounts for newer electric/hybrid vehicles if you dont pay get fined £180 +ve bus and cyclists increased by 45% co2 and no2 emissions reduced by 12% -ve only the rich can afford ulez: any car that doesnt meet emissions criteria has to pay £12.50 santander bikes: 13000 bikes and 800 docking stations first 30 mins is free intended for short journeys- reduce traffic cost is £140 million hybrid busses: quiet, clean, fuel efficient environmentally buses reduce co 2 emissions by 30% 1500 buses but set to rise

Answer 48

waste stream- how waste gets disposed off in HICS- it is managed in LICs- dumping is common environmental problems: - loss of recyclable products -contamination of land and water -air pollution -risks to human health

Answer 49

materials such as glass paper cardboard metal can be used again +ve environmentally sustainable bin collections is safe and sanitary less landfill -ve expensive prone to error people may not be bothered to separate their waste

Answer 50

where buildings are being abandoned can be due to de-industrialisation or run down housing estates high cost of renovation puts locals and authorities off can pose a risk to health if it contains toxic and harmful chemicals

Answer 51

waste is disposed in old quarrys +ve all types of waste is accepted strictly managed methane produces is used for fuel -ve unsightly opposed by neighbours leeching of material can contaminate groundwater supply

Answer 52

materials are converted into energy 7 licensed incinerators in the uk +ve energy is produced reduces toxicity of waste diesease agents are inactivated -ve vxpensive capacity limitations air pollution not all waste is combustable

Answer 53

where you meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future social aspects: access to school and health availability of food clean water and sanitation green housing, transport and energy economic: jobs invest in renewable energy green technology environmental clean environment waste and recycling management water management air quality urban governance fair to all residents- reduce inequality adapt to green planning

Answer 54

The capital city of denmark and is regularly labelled as the worlds most sustainable city The first capital city in 2009 to set a goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2025

Answer 55

location: the largest city in India located on the West coast tropical climate- dry for 7 months from October to April and has a monsoon from June to September population of 17 million, but wider metropolitan area has population of 26 million. Facing rapid population increase due to rural to urban migration - 480 a day natural increase

Answer 56

environmental: implement 100 new wind turbines and a new offshore wind farm which makes up 4% of the citys energy reduce heat consumption by 20% implement 60,000m of solar panels encourage 75% of journeys to be bike or public transport social: less than 2% of employees work more than 40 hours 250 miles of cycle lanes half commuters to school and work travel by bike 1 million fewer sick days due to cycling economic: financial centre of Denmark and home to many tncs highest wages and lowest unemployment local shops rather than global chains

Answer 57

finance: home to many TNC and hq of indian companies, such as TATA group worth $71 billion- created a boom in IT and export services manufacturing: used to be textiles/ goldsmiths however that became un profitable in the last 20 years became a centre of finance and business transport: sharivi international airport is second busiest airport in india- expanding capacity to 40 million centre of 2 railway lines- connects it to most parts of india media: bolywood is largest film production in the world and in india- mumbai is home to many tv and media centres

Answer 58

-waterways close to sewages- waste can contaminate water and people can get life threatening diseases -in 2020- mumbai has 6th largest air pollution in india public transport is overcrowded traffic and congestion is a major problem little regulation of emissions from factories

Answer 59

one of Mumbais largest slum -close to the CBD and Mumbai's business centre- built on very valuable land which is attractive to investors -people work and have businesses in the slum- meaning they don't need to leave the area -praised for its sense of community and social cohesion

Answer 60

no coordinated urban planning -poor quality housing and infrastructure- build from fabric and wood -poor sanitation-leads to waterborne diseases -lack of access to services such as toilets and clean water-200 families have to share a waterpipe

Answer 61

Dharavi redevelopment project is a project to destroy the slum and replace it with high rise buildings +ve better housing and infrastructure -better access to services better healthace better quality of life -ve 68,000 individuals need rehousing -to qualify for a home, u must prove you lived there since 2001. as its informal, there is no way of proving. -high rise buildings- many businesses need to operate from ground level -area sold for profit has angered locals -loss of sense of community

Answer 62

The capital of the Uk home to HQ of any british firms as well as international -has iconic buildings such as the shard which are owned by foreign investors -a centre of entertainment, media, culture and education -it is one pf two of the most important financial centres in the world- alpha ++

Answer 63

referred to as the world under one roof function as a port has a history of migration - links to cultural diversity top non uk country of birth was India- over 300,000 of its residents +ve brings traditional shops, languages, foods, entertainments canary wharf is most important financial centre- attracts investors worldwide -large scale cultural events such as Notting Hill carnival -ve: tension between some groups hate crime since Brexit

Answer 64

known as the economic powerhouse- home to 1/3 of the Uks wealth Also has some of the highest poverty rates- over 2 million people Fairness commission states- for every £1 made by bottom 10%, top 10% make £172. London living wage: rate that is enough for workers to support their family -lifted 10,000 families out of poverty -not compulsory, its a choice by employers

Answer 65

the regeneration of Newham: Olympic games bought new housing, schools, leisure Newham has the everychild programme- where every child can access music instruments and cultural events

Answer 66

-improved public transport- Tubes and hydrogen busses congestion charge -Santander bikes

Contemporary urban Flashcards

(90 cards)