Contemporary urban environments Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What is urbanisation
A
The process by which an increasing proportion of country’s population lives in cities and towns
2
Q
What is a megacity
A
more than 10 million
3
Q
What is urban growth
A
An increase in number of urban dwellers
4
Q
what is urban sprawl
A
The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
5
Q
What are the causes of urban growth:
A
process of urbanisation plays an important role in human affairs.
Better opportunities
Higher levels of basic services associated with new city.
6
Q
Causes of urban growth
A
Urbanisation
natural population growth
7
Q
Push factors for urban migration
A
Population growth
high levels of local disease
natural disaster
agriculture problems
8
Q
Pull factors of urban migration
A
Employment- Increasing demand for informal jobs
Better quality social provisions such as education/healthcare
Better quality of life due to media representation
9
Q
What is urban sprawl
A
Spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
10
Q
What negative impacts are a result of urban sprawl
A
Less economically efficient as requires new infrastructure
Wildlife habitat loss
Commuting from suburbs increases traffic congestion
Good miles increase
11
Q
Consequences of urbanisation
A
Urban sprawl Shortage of housing Shortage of affordable housing in HICs Lack of urban services and disposal Underemployment Transport issues
12
Q
Name a site or service scheme used in Caracas Venezuela
A
Tower of David
13
Q
Why is underemployment an issue
A
Refers to the situation in which a person is not doing work that makes full use of their skills and abilities
14
Q
List some of the strategies currently in place to reduce traffic on a local scale
A
Strict street parking
Expensive car parks
Restrictions on access of specific card and encouragement public transport
15
Q
Name some contemporary urban processes
A
Counter urbanisation Decentralisation Deindustrialisation Gentrification Suburbanisation Urban resurgence
16
Q
What is counter urbanisation
A
Movement of people from large urban areas to smaller urban areas due to lifestyle changes
17
Q
Define decentralisation
A
Movement of population from urban areas to outlying areas
18
Q
What is deindustrialisation
A
Loss of jobs in manufacturing sector
19
Q
What is gentrification
A
Buying+ renovation of property
20
Q
What is suburbanisation
A
Is the outward growth of urban development to engulf surrounding villages on the outer edges
21
Q
What is urban resurgence
A
Regeneration both economic and structural an area which had suffered a period of decline
22
Q
what are the negatives of suburbanisation
A
Increasing social segregation within cities as wealthy move out to the suburbs and poor remain in inner city.
Diversion of funding away from the inner city area to the suburbs to pay for new infrastructure and services.
23
Q
Name some of the factors that have caused the growth in counter urbanisation
A
People want to escape the city life and aspire to live out rural idyll
24
Q
what were the 3 main factors leading to deindustrialisation
A
Mechanism
competition
reduced demand or traditional products
25
population growth fuel the service sector - what else does
financial services are needed to support manufacturing industries, which are still important in many cities today
As societies become more technologically sophisticated, they need a larger range of specialised services to keep them running.
As societies become wealthier, they demand more leisure and retail services.
26
Economic impacts of deindustrialisation
Loss of jobs
closure of businesses
increased demand of benefits
27
social impacts of deindustrialisation
Increase in unemployment
higher levels of deprivation
increased levels of crime
28
environmental impacts of deindustrialisation
derelict land and buildings
long term pollution of land from dirty industries
deteriorating infrastructure
29
name 3 urban policies in the UK/UDC
City challenge- Hulme city
London docklands development corporation
coin street
30
what is urban policy
relates strategies of urban policy in the UK since the 1980s and while early strategies focused on 'top-down' economic regeneration, subsequent policies have recognised the need to adopt a more holistic approach.
31
facts about Hulme city
37.5 million and build 3000 new homes which were designed to conserve water and be energy efficient
32
how was hulme city challenge a success
Improving quality proposals and encouraging new more imaginative ideas.
The private sector found the competitive principle attractive and argued that competition has encouraged local authorities to suggest solutions as well as identifying problems.
33
list the criticisms of hulme city challenge
Competitive nature of scheme was criticised by others on the grounds that large sums of money should be allocated according to need not competitive advantage.
The policy that all successful bidders should receive exactly the sum of money, irrespective of need.
34
what does urban form refer to
refers to the physical characteristics that make up built up areas, including the shape, size, density and organisation of settlements.
35
what is the benefits of megacities
offers opportunities to expand access to services- for large numbers of people in an economically efficient manner.
Less environmentally damaging to provide public transport, housing, electricity, water and sanitation for a densely settled urban population than a dispersed rural population.
urban dwellers have access to larger and more diversified employment market.
36
Definition of edge city
A self contained settlement which has emerged beyond the original city boundary and developed as a city its own right
37
What is fortress landscape
This term refers landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion
38
What is world city
Cities which have great influence on a global scale due to their financial status and worldwide commercial power
39
list characteristics of world cities
Headquarters of multinational corporations
High proportion of residents employed in serves information sectors
Centres of media and communications networks
High quality educational institutions and multifunctional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical and entertainment facilities in the country
40
What is urban morphology
Refers to the spatial structure and organisations of an urban area. Traditionally this may have been affected by physical factors such as relief and drainage.
41
What does the bid rent theory state
Land value decreases as it moves out form central areas.
42
What strategies can be put in place to reverse decline in the city centre:
1. Town centre mixed development
| 2. The development of heritage quarters
43
Give an example of heritage quarters been developed
Jewellery quarter in Birmingham
44
What is gentrification:
Buying and renovating of property often in run down areas by wealthier individual
45
What does gentrification happen for:
The rent gap- house price falls below value
pioneer image- trend to create edgy neighbourhoods
commuting costs- time consuming, expensive and stressful
support of the local government and local decision makers
Changing composition of households: Many cities have seen growth of single or two person households without children
46
Although there can be high costs what are the benefits of gentrification-
Rising general level of prosperity and increasing number of services.
Increase local tax for local tax for local authority
Physical environment improved.
Greater employment
47
What is a fortress landscape and what is it characterised by
Landscapes designed around security, surveillance and exclusion.
CCTV
Fencing around properties
Speed bumps
48
Definition of post modern western city and what is it characterised by:
```
This term describes the changes that took place in western society and culture in the late 20th century. Postmodernism is characterised by:
Fragmented urban form
Greater emphasis on producer services
spectacular flagship developments
greater ethnic diversity
```
49
What is economic inequality:
The difference the levels of living standards/income across the whole economic distribution.
50
What is a dispora:
A group of people with similar heritage of homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world
51
What is urban social exclusion:
Economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation
52
When measuring poverty and inequality what dimensions should it be based upon:
```
Income
Employment
Health, education, deprivation
Crime
Barriers to housing and services
Living environment
```
53
What can quality of life be based upon=
Social, physical, political and economic
54
How can cities tackling poverty and inequality-
```
Enforcing a living wage
provisions in schools
Supported low skilled workers who want to develop their abilities
Access to affordable housing
Greater provision of public transport
Enforce environmental standards
Fairness commissions
```
55
Reasons for self segregation:
Migrants seek support and security of living near friends/relatives.
provision of specialist facilities such as places of worship
protection against racial abuse form the majority population
56
External factors for ethnic segregation:
Traditionally migrants have been a source of cheap labour forcing them into areas of cheap housing
Ethnic minorities have been discriminated against in access to local authority housing
Hostility from major population
57
What is the urban climate
Urban areas create their own climate /weather/microclimate.
58
what is the urban heat island
The zone around and above an urban area, which has higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas
59
what is temperature inversion
As atmospheric condition in which temperature, unusually increases with height. As inversions are extremely stable conditions and do not allow convection, they trap pollution in the lower layer of the atmosphere
60
why is UHI concerning
Vulnerable groups are most likely to be affected during extreme UHI
Hot and still weather conditions responsible for UHI events also produce higher air pollution levels
61
List some strategies for managing UHI
```
Cool surfaces
Green roofs
Urban greening
sky view factor
cool cars
```
62
how can cool surfaces manage the UHI
Created with material with high solar reflectance or albedo absorb and store store less solar energy during the day and thus are not major emitters of heat into urban atmosphere at night
63
what is channelling
wind redirected down long straight canyon like streets where there is less friction
64
what is the venturi effect
The squeezing of wind into an increasingly narrow gap resulting in a pressure decrease and velocity increase
65
what is wind speed, direction and frequency
urban structures and layout
66
How is the ozone layer formed
When heat and sunlight cause chemical reactions between nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds
67
what does SUDS stand for
Deliver a more holistic approach to managing surface water and whenever possible mimic natural drainage
68
what were the aims of cheonggyecheon
development of urban landscape dependent on the car to one that values the quality of its people
the ageing elevated freeway and concrete deck deck covering the stream posed safety risks
69
For improving water pollution what strategies should be sued
```
Low impact development
Legalisation, regulation and enforcement
Education and awareness
Improvements and waste water processing
Appropriate technology
```
70
what is a brownfield site
previously used for industrial purposes
71
List some of the pollution reduction policies
Clean air act
Vehicle control and public transport
Zoning on industry
Ultra low emission zone
72
what are the causes of water pollution in urban areas
surface run off from streets carrying oil, heavy metals and other contaminants from vehicles
Industrial waste
Intentional dumping of hazardous waste
Rubbish dump leaking pollutants
73
HIC approaches to managing water pollution
The construction of water treatment facilities and wastewater plants
Regulations aimed at point source polluters
74
what is a greenfield site
An area of undeveloped land
75
What is land remediation
The removal of pollution or contaminants from the ground, which enables areas of derelict former industrial land to be brought back into commercial use
76
what are the dimensions of sustainability
```
Liveability
urban resilience
social
economic
environmental
urban governance
```
77
what is liveability
quality of life in any human living government
78
What is urban resilience
The capacity of individuals, communities, businesses and systems within a city to survive, adapt and grow, no matter what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience.
79
socially how can a city achieve urban sustainability
provision of healthcare and education services
availability of food supplies
green housing
80
Economic development to achieve urban sustainability
decent employment opportunities
| production of renewable energy resources
81
how can environmental development help achieve urban sustainability
Energy efficiency
| Water management
82
How can urban governance achieve urban sustainability
Adoption of green urban planning and design strategies
| Strategies to reduce inequalities
83
Economic development in Copenhagen
Economic and financial centre of Denmark. Home to international companies.
84
Environmental development in Copenhagen
Climate plan 2011 targeting to become carbon neutral by 2025.
85
Urban governance in Copenhagen
Denmark has one of the highest taxation levels in the world but provides very generous state welfare provision which reduces inequality.
86
Strategies for developing more sustainable cities
Investment in infrastructure e.g. Curitiba integrated bus system. Associated reduction in traffic has led to a significant reduction in carbon emissions.
87
Example of investment into more sustainable and affordable housing into sustainable cities
Low carbon developments include BEDZED developments
