Contemporary urban environments Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
what is urbanisation?
A
increase in proportion of people moving to urban areas
2
Q
globally are there more people living in urban or rural areas?
A
Urban
3
Q
what % of people live in urban areas?
A
55%
4
Q
what percentage of people living in urban areas be by 2050?
A
68%
5
Q
what was the urban population in 1950?
A
70 mill now 4.2 bill
6
Q
what is urban sprawl
A
urban areas spreading and becoming larger
7
Q
what is suburbanisation?
A
where urban areas grow so that rural areas become absorbed into urban areas
8
Q
when does suburbanisation usually occur?
A
wealthier people move away from city into suburbs, demand for housing causes sub areas to grow
9
Q
example of suburbanisation?
A
stoke Gifford (S Gloucestershire) pop increase by 40% 2001-2011 rapid urbanisation
10
Q
2 issues with suburbanisation ?
A
inner cities= deprived
house prices= in suburbs increase
11
Q
what is a strategy used to limit suburbanisation?
A
green belt land- areas around city where building is restricted in order to preserve rural areas
12
Q
what is an issue with green belt land?
A
not always successful
13
Q
what is counter urbanisation?
A
moving from urban to rural
14
Q
why does counter urbanisation occur?
A
urban life is unsatisfactory
15
Q
what is urban resurgence?
A
process of people moving back into city
16
Q
when does urban resurgence mostly occur?
A
schemes improving q of life in city
17
Q
what do urban resurgence schemes also encourage?
A
regeneration
18
Q
what % of highly skilled jobs are in the city?
A
72%
19
Q
what is an issue with urban resurgence?
A
socio-economic- wealth in new areas old areas struggle with money
20
Q
what are mega cities?
A
population +10million
21
Q
2 megacities in 1950 what were they?
A
NY and tokyo
22
Q
many many mega cities in 2016?
A
31
23
Q
how many mega cities by 2030?
A
43
24
Q
Asia accounts for how many mega cities?
A
more than half
25
what is a huge advantage of mega cities?
rapid eco growth
26
what are world cities?
cities that have significant political and £ influence on a global scale
27
example of world cities?
London, New York, Tokyo
28
these cities usually drives what globally?
economies and businesses offer hubs for banking and finance
29
world cities are also characterised for their what?
rich culture and influence over social affairs
30
urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are social changes?
- migration= multiculturalism
- cultural hubs
- jobs= q of l
31
urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are economic changes?
- urban growth- businesses
| - eco inequalities
32
urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are technological changes?
urban- centres for tech advances
| new tech- cities first
33
urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are political changes?
- central political institutions
| - political movements (extinction reb)
34
urbanisation causes cities to develop and change, what are demographic changes?
- diverse
- young adults- social
- older people move into rural areas
35
what is deindustrialisation?
the decline of an industry within a country, measured by the reduction of industry employment
36
when did deindustrialisation begin?
mid 20th century in developing countries
37
in recent years its more common due to industries struggling to compete with what?
cheap labour, manufacturing costs
38
what is the main issue caused for people due to industrialisation?
unemployment
39
what is the chain of events caused by industrialisation?
- unemployment
- insufficent support for new employment
- no £
- depletes q of life
- social deprivation
- bad health, edu, crime
40
in the 1990's and 1980's deindustrialised cities were known as high/low wage; high low welfare:
stoke?
stoke: low wage high welfare
41
in the 1990's and 1980's deindustrialised cities were known as high/low wage; high low welfare:
cardiff?
low wage low welfare
42
in the 1990's and 1980's deindustrialised cities were known as high/low wage; high low welfare:
London, Cambridge, reading?
high wage low welfare
43
where did highest % of low earners tend to work?
industrial regions
44
what type of work did high earning cities work?
in tertiary/ quaternary sectors
45
what is a service economy?
economy where the dominant source of economic growth is through providing services rather than goods
46
what is rising affluence ?
services have grown to support the rising of disposable income of those spending in service industry
47
what is technological change?
its enabled industries to relocate and expand without geo barriers through transport/ communication
48
originally the service sector grew to support what sector?
manufacturing
49
primary and secondary industries needed the support financially to allow their business to what?
grow successfully
50
recently there has been a huge rise in what based economy?
service (high skilled workers )
51
what is decentralisation?
urban development away form the city centre
52
why do companies try to stay away from city centres?
cheaper land than CBD
53
what issues can companies basing away from the city centre cause?
drives customers away from city centre, leads to city centre degradation
54
why has urban regeneration become a priority for British gov?
because of the socioeconomic/ environmental effects of deintrialistaion
55
in 1979 what policies were implemented to improve conditions of cities ?
urban regeneration policies
56
between 1980-1998 what was their urban focus?
UDC- effective use of land, and housing facilities
57
between 1981 - now what was their focus?
enterprise zone
58
what is an enterprise zone?
economic insencentives - tax breaks, gov help
59
how many enterprise zones where there in 2012 compared to now?
24 (2012) 48 (2022)
60
what was the aim in 1982- now
regenerating urban areas
61
what was the aim in 1992- 2008
national regeneration angency aimed to develop derelict areas
62
1990's to now aims?
7 new bottom up approach- community encouraged to be part of rengeration process
63
what does a cities urban forms refer to?
Physical characteristics- layout/landsize/ land use
64
many urban areas are established in areas with favourable resources such as?
access to foo, water, fertile land, security
65
urban forms change over time in different ways based on what?
physical and human factors
66
what are some physical factors if urban forms (4)?
- natural resources-local access to building materials
- water- necessary
- topogrpahy- falt topogrpahy is easy to build on
- climate and land type- unstable land, water logged, expensive to build on limits urban growth
67
name 4 human factors of urban forms?
- wealth and development- HICS development= safe
- planning- planned development= safe
- patterns of growth- land prices high in CBD
- past developments- OG structure of city may change how city develops
68
land use has developed and changed in recent years to enhance what?
social, envirmnetal, and economic aspects of city life
69
there has been an emergence of new urban land scapes such as?
cultural/ heritage quarters
mixed use developments
edge cities
fortress developments
70
why are mixed use developments used?
in older developments residential, commercial and industrial areas were separated into districts and not mixed caused a lot of travelling, M.U.D means people don't have to travel a lot
71
why were cultural heritage quarters created?
leisure/ attraction for tourists
72
what are Cultural heritage quarters?
large areas in urban areas recognised as having particular cultural importance
73
what is an edge city ?
an area of business, shops and entertainment services on outskirts of city. GOOD TRANSPORT LINKS
74
why do edge cities develop?
cheaper land outside of CBD
75
example of fortress development?
gacted community
76
what are fortress development?
secured of from public, cctv, gated
77
why are fortress developments used?
safe space for people
78
what is the concept of a post modern western city?
contempory cities are managing their industries, architecture and land use in order to keep with socio economic changes
79
the term western means
wealthier, higher income
80
what are P.M.W.C characterised by?
unusal architecture
81
2 main industry sectors in PMWC
tertiary/ quaternary
82
are all things characterised in one area?
no they are fragmented urban forms
83
what is gentrification?
process of housing improvement on a piecemeal basis. associated with LIC
84
gentrification is the consequence of what change in urban areas?
economic/ social
85
5 main reasons for gentrification?
```
gentrification gap
change in household
idealic inner city
cultural & creative opportunities
encouraged locally (improve status )
```
86
what are the 7 steps for gentrification?
lower middle migrate to cheap run down areas
pioneers renovate areas
places gain fashionable status- attract young people
private sectors investors buy renovate more homes
gov invest as a growth place
wealthy migrants move in
house £ increase above average salary, locals pushed out
87
name three benefits of gentrification ?
increase in number if businesses
increase in tax revenue of local authority
improved physical enviro
88
name three negatives of gentrification?
low income priced out
tension between old and new residents
threat to community
89
is the CBD the newest or oldest part of the city usually?
oldest
90
do the ages of buildings increase or decrease further distance from city centre?
decrease
91
in LICS what is inner city land use for?
luxury apartments, high class estates
92
in HICS what in inner city land use for?
industrial cites, high rise flats (worse Q of L )
93
in HICS what are sub urban areas used for?
large open spaces, expensive/ large housing
94
In HICS where do wealthier live ?
outskirts of city, better Q of L
95
in HICS where is poverty focused?
inner city areas, worse Q of L
96
in LICS where are wealthier people focused?
coast (rio)
97
in LICS where are poorer people focused?
city
98
why is 3 inequality more server in poor countries?
don't have wealthier resources to support poorer populations accessibility to work= no income
99
LICS crime is high name a gang that pose problems in Brazil?
The Red Commando- drug trafficking in favelas
100
accessibility can be severely limited by what?
poor transport links
101
what is a result of limited transport links?
income
102
there is direct link between accessibility and what?
income
103
what is the reason for richly diverse cities?
International migration
104
why do people migrate to cities?
-better work opportunities
-better services
Better quality of life
105
what are three positive of culturally diverse cities?
- celebrate tourism/ cultures/ increasing tolerance
106
what are three negatives of culturally diverse cities?
- can be a lot of prejudice/ racism
- may feel underrepresented
- may be little resources available
107
what is social segregration?
where people live apart due to money, ethnicity, religion and age
108
social segregation can lead to many issues within urban areas?
areas of racism
people isolated
deprived areas
neglected by gov
109
what are 4 strategies to manage urban areas?
- city minimum wage (higher than rest because cost of living is higher= reduces £ inequality)
- fair rent
- recognising informal housing issues (squatters)
- encouraging multiculturalism ("Notting Hill carnival")
110
how can retraining manage urban issues?
a population with skills in primary sector need to be retrained to new service economy- diversifying skills
111
how can economic policies manage urban issues?
local gov promote a place through favourable policies to taxes (boosterism)
112
how can environmental policies manage urban issues?
gov set environmental standards that closing industries must abide by so derelict land is not toxic waste
113
how is investing in infrastructure such as high-speed railway good for urban issues?
improves accessibility to regenerate regions
114
how does migration/ deregulation of capital markets improve urban issues?
growth & derelict investment
115
business environments with areas for developments?
attract foreign investment
116
what do local interest groups create?
regeneration programes
117
what is the European social fund?
tackle poverty/ social exclusion by increasing employment and helping people access sustainable employment.
118
what is reurbanisation ?
large scale gov based movement of people into the city centre as part of regeneration
119
3 trends in re-urbanised areas ?
- increase in studentifictaion
- increase rapid population
- growth of 24h culture attracts to CBD
120
what affects urban climate?
urban characteristics
121
what is the urban heat island effect?
where the characteristics of urban areas and activity cause the areas to produce/ retrain more heath than surrounding areas
122
urban heat islands develop due to what 3 reasons?
- wasted heat form urban activities (traffic)
- urban materials (urban surfaces absorb more solar energy lower albedo), tarmac emit absorbed heat as a long wave radiation (heats surroundings)
- lack of evaporation
123
what happens to rainfall In urban areas?
more rainfall and more intense events
124
more rainfall and more intense events in urban areas are due to what? (3)
- atmospheric instability
- alternating wind patterns
- aerosoles
125
as urban areas what is there less off in terms of weather?
snow, frost and hail
126
why are wind patterns altered in urban areas?
large buildings
127
what is wind speed in urban areas?
slower due to buildings friction as a barrier
128
why do turbulence occur in urban ares?
frictional drag ?
129
what is frictional drag?
air deflected and swirl like a vortex
130
air quality is significantly poor in urban areas due to what?
- vehicle exhausts= pollution- particle matter
- coal burning factories produce particulates (sulphur dioxide)
- construction work
131
why is photochemical smog caused by?
particles reacting with UV light from sun
132
what causes harmful secondary pollutants?
nitrous oxide and volatile organic carbons reacting with sun light
133
where is photochemical smog more prevalent?
sunnier countries with more UV light to fuel the reactions
134
what is photochemical smog?
cool air trapped below warm air
135
why does photochemical smog stay at ground level?
temperature inversion
136
why is smog bad for humans?
respiratory problems
137
name 5 ways to reduce air pollution?
- laws for car (MOT)
- clean air legislation (congestion zone)
- uk ban on petrol cars 2035
- electric cars
- pedestrianised areas
138
why can't water infiltrate ground water stores?
impermeable surfaces
139
how does water flow in urban areas
surface run off
140
what have been built in urban areas to direct water elsewhere?
drainage structure
141
in heavy rainfall periods where does rain water flow?
directly into river
142
heavy rainfall causes floods to have to what (flood hydrograph)?
short lag time and high peak discharge
143
how much is the London congestion charge?
£13.50/£15
144
what time does it operate?
7am to 10pm
145
when did the congestion charge start?
feb 2003
146
do taxis have to pay for the congestion charge? what do the taxis have to be?
No- electric
147
what are the bike called in London?
boris bikes
148
what is special about the shape of the M25?
orbital motorway
149
When did the M25 open and by who?
1986 Margret thatcher
150
why was the M25 created?
relieve traffic in London
151
why did the M25 have to be widened ?
increase of usage
152
urban river catchment can be managed in order to reduce what?
issues associated with urban H2O cycle
153
what is dredging? negative impact?
sediment removed from river Chanel with digger to reduce flooding- causes flooding down stream
154
what are damns/ reservoirs?
barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams- neg enviro damage
155
flood defence/ water channel management examples? negative?
flood defence- flood wall/ drainage pipes
water channel- alternating H2O courses forces water out of urban areas
neg- worst flooding down stream
156
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS)
| what are suds?
systems designed to manage flow of urban water sustainably?
157
what techniques are used to create SUDS ?
natural drainage systems
158
4 examples of SUDS?
- permeable surfaces
- green roofs
- ponds
- Swales (liner depressions in grass slowly transporting H2O along the way)
159
URBAN WASTE
| 3 sources of waste in urban areas?
1) industrial- from factories
2) commercial- from shops
3) personal- home waste
160
name 4 ways waste can be managed in urban areas?
- recycling (use again)
- incineration (burning waste )
- trade (selling)
- unregulated (fly tipping )
161
WASTE IN CONTRASTING AREAS
| Hics produces less what type of waste then LICS/NEES
organic
162
developing countries are increasingly developing into what societies?
consumerist
163
what waste culture is there in developing countries?
'throw away'
164
developing countries usually produce more waste but have better systems to?
collect waste
165
what % of waste is burnt or dumped illegally in lics?
90%
166
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
| what do emissions cause? and contributes to?
air pollution
| global warming
167
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF URBAN AREAS
| what is an ecological foot print?
measure of how much we consume in comparison to how much the earth can regenerate
168
what is a large foot print?
comsumption is large compared to earths ability ti deal with waste and make new materials
169
urban areas have a higher ecological footprint than rural due to what? (3)
transport- cars- fossil fuels
building materials- large areas need more materials
need of population- large pop- more things- more waste
170
DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY
| What is natural sustainability?
how successfully the environment is managed
| e.g. use of natural materials
171
what is physical sustainability?
ability for the cities resources to support current and future populations
172
what should be available to people for a city to be physically sustainable ?
good homes and transport links
173
what is social sustainability?
ensuring residents have a good q of l
174
STRATEGIES TO DEVLOP SUSTAINABLE CITIES
| how can reducing waste help sustainability?
effective recycling facilities, encourage compost, reduce packaging
175
how can public transport help sustainability?
less cars on road, Zurich- bus stops every 300m and low fares
176
sustainable green space examples?
green roofs/parks can reduce pollution. improves cities physical/ Social/ enviro/ sustainability
177
efficient building example for sustainability?
bedzed- south facing windows, sun no need for heating. solar panels reduce need for heat resources
