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Geography > Contemporary Urban Environments (Human) > Flashcards

Contemporary Urban Environments (Human) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the population of London?

A

Over 9 million

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2
Q

How many languages are spoken in London?

A

Over 300

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3
Q

Mass immigration London

A

Empire Windrush 1948-

brought mass immigration

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4
Q

How many Londoners born outside the UK

A

Over 1/3

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5
Q

London Urban Heat Island

A

10 degrees warmer in urban areas than surrounding rural areas.

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6
Q

Sheffield

A
  • 90,000 people left unemployed due to steel industry decline
  • Meadowhall reinforced deindustrialisation - declining CBD with 7000 new jobs in service.
  • Opened in 1990
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7
Q

Define Diaspora

A

A group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world

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8
Q

Define Urban Social Exclusion

A

Economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation

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9
Q

State 3 issues with Gentrification

A

Focus on specific improvements may leave other areas lacking
Poor balance between cost and quality

Increase in housing prices forces current residents out

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10
Q

What are cultural and heritage quarters?

A

Centres of cultural significance which are renovated for use as tourist attractions which are created by local government

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11
Q

What is a mixed development?

A

A single building/ space with multiple uses, including street vendors and nightlife businesses

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12
Q

What are fortress landscapes?

A

Areas which have developed a range of defences against possible threats e.g. theft; they are built by wealthy private investors

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13
Q

Give an example of deindustrialisation

A

Sheffield, UK

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14
Q

Give an example of decentralisation

A

Detroit, USA / Sheffield

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15
Q

Give an example of Urban Regenerative Policy

A

Hulme City Challenge

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16
Q

What are urban forms?

A
  • Physical characteristics that make up built areas
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17
Q

What characteristics make up urban forms?

A
  • Density, size, organization and shape
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18
Q

What are the types of urban form shapes [3]

A
  • Linear - settlements appearing in line
  • Nucleated - settlements clustered around central point
  • Dispersed - no clear pattern
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19
Q

What is urban morphology?

A
  • The spatial structure & organisation of an urban area
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20
Q

Physical factors affecting urban form (5)

A
  • Topography
  • Climate
  • Relief
  • Rivers
  • Natural resources
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21
Q

Human factors affecting urban forms (4)

A
  • Factories
  • Infrastructure
  • Transportation
  • Demand for housing
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22
Q

Definite Sustainable Urban Development

A
  • Meeting needs of today w/o reducing ability of people in future to meet their needs
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23
Q

What factors do sustainable developments need to address?

A
  • Physical
  • Natural
  • Economic
  • Social
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24
Q

Why are most cities unsustainable? [3]

A
  • Consume 3/4 of world’s resources
  • Cities have grown unsustainably
  • Large ecological footprint –> Waste & Pollution
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25
Q

Give at least 3 factors that help make sustainable cities

A
  • Effective public transport system
  • Building on brownfield sites
  • Conserving natural environments and historic buildings
  • Schemes to reduce waste –> limit landfills
  • Building carbon neutral homes –> e.g. BedZED = housing dev. aiming to be carbon neutral
26
Q

What is dead heart syndrome?

A

the decline of the centre of cities when retail, manufacturing and people left the traditional ‘down town’ areas.

27
Q

What is urban resurgence?

A

This is the movement of people back to the city centre.

28
Q

Why does urban resurgence occur? [3]

A
  • Due to lack of jobs in rural or suburban areas
  • Attracted by new developments (e.g. high quality housing)
  • New shops & services open in an area
29
Q

Disadvantages of urban resurgence [2]

A
  • Gentrification might increase prices and force locals out,
  • services might change that do not benefit original residents
30
Q

Urban Development Corporations 1979-1990s [3]

A

London Docklands UDC:

  • Aimed to attract businesses, improve local environment, create jobs & houses for professionals
  • Betw. 1981 and 1998 the Corporation built 24,000 new homes & 85,000 new jobs
  • Criticised for ignoring needs of local residents e,g, affordable homes & suitable jobs
31
Q

City Challenge 1991-7 [3]

A

Hulme City Challenge:

  • Local authorities competed for government funding. Focused on tackling ec, soc and env problems
  • Over 50,000 jobs
  • Many deprived areas didn’t receive funding
32
Q

New Deal 2000s [3]

A

Devonport, Plymouth

  • Focused on the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods. Partnership between public and private
  • NDC areas saw an improvement in 32 out of 36 indicators e.g. crime, health
  • Education and worklessness did not have such positive outcomes.
33
Q

Partnership Schemes 2010-Present [3]

A

New East Manchester Partnership

  • Providing financial support for urban regenerations improving conditions on deprived areas
  • Built new homes as well as new leisure facilities.
  • Sometimes smaller scale – focusing on one local area.
34
Q

What are edge cities? & give an example

A

New areas of offices, shops and leisure facilities that develop close to major transport links
e.g. Las Colinas near Dallas, Texas

35
Q

What is happening with architecture in developed countries?

A

Moving away from uniformity in architecture & clear-cut patterns of land use

36
Q

Name 3 characteristics of post-modern cities & give an example

A
  • Multiple centers with different purposes rather than a single centre e.g. just industry
  • A focus on tertiary and quaternary industry
  • Less uniform architecture - buildings have a wide range of styles
  • Planning prioritises the aesthetics over practical use
  • Higher social & economic inequality
37
Q

What are the economic inequalities in London? & what has been done to solve it [3]

A
  • 16% of London are in the poorest 1/10th
  • 27% living in poverty
  • Increasing London Living Wage by more than 5% to £8.30/hr
38
Q

What are issues with social segregation in London? & what has been done to improve it [3]

A
  • Richest tend to be white British in areas such as Kensington & Chelsea
  • EMG’s tend to be in poorer areas
  • ‘London Enriched’ - integration strategy for refugees and vulnerable migrants
39
Q

Cultural diversity in London & how to improve it [3]

A
  • Turkish born Londoners highest levels of part time work at 17%
  • EMGs on lower wages
  • Building stronger neighbourhoods & cohesion ‘Team London’ volunteering
40
Q

Economic inequalities in Bengaluru & plans to solve it [3]

A
  • 16% of population live in slums
  • Richest 2% have monthly income 37x more than bottom 30%
  • Plans to reduce slum areas & providing sustainable energy
41
Q

Social segregation in Bengaluru & ways to improve it

A
  • ‘Caste system’ - social class defined by birth
  • Those of Dalit caste face discrimination, poverty & segregation
  • Improvements to transport system made
42
Q

Population of Bengaluru

A

8.43 million in 2011

43
Q

What is a microclimate?

A

Local areas atmospheric conditions may differ from the surrounding area - urban areas usually have their own climatic dome

44
Q

What is the urban heat island effect? [2]

A

Difference in temperatures between urban and surrounding rural areas
Usually 1-3 degrees warmer in urban areas

45
Q

Why are there more thunderstorms in urban areas? [2]

A

It rains more often and more intense:

  • UHI means air is warmer, and warm air can hold more water. The warm moist air rises (convectional uplift), as it rises it cools and the water vapour condenses and it rains causing convectional rainfall
  • More dust & pollution floating about act as condensation nuclei (encourage water to condense around them), encouraging clouds to form
46
Q

How much more waste do people in HICs produce

A

10-30x more waste

47
Q

What are the 3 primary sources of waste in urban areas? [3]

A

Industrial waste - produced by manufacturing e.g. power plants or building sites

Commercial waste - produced by businesses e.g. shops, restaurants, offices

Personal waste - produced in private homes e.g. plastic bottles, food packaging, newspapers

48
Q

Unregulated waste management [3]

A

Waste is dumped in places that aren’t official disposal sites

  • Can damage ecoststems e.g. if chemicals enter environment
  • Animals and birds can be harmed if they swallow or get tangled in it
49
Q

Recycling to manage waste [3]

A

Waste is reprocessed into new products e.g. plastic bottles can be turned into fleece jumpers

  • Recycling reduces demand for raw materials, reducing environmental strain
  • Recycling requires seperate collections and the construction of new facilities to process waste, contributes to emissions
50
Q

Incineration to manage waste [3]

A

When waste is burnt

  • Reduces amount of waste going to landfill & waste burnt can generate electricity, energy recovery
  • Burning of some waste can release toxic chemicals into the air or water
51
Q

Recovery to manage waste [3]

A

Involves using waste instead of new products e.g. waste concrete can be crushed and used for new roads & buildings

  • Reduces amount of waste being sent to landfill
  • Means fewer natural resources are exploited because goods are reused
52
Q

Submergence to manage waste [3]

A

Disposing of waste by dumping in oceans

  • Completely illegal, but still common in some areas e.g. coast of Somalia
  • Can release toxic or radioactive substances, damaging ocean ecosystems
53
Q

Trade to manage waste [3]

A

Waste can be bought and sold by countries e.g. developed countries may offshore their waste

  • Developing countries may not dispose of hazardous waste safely
  • Can damage local environments e.g. heavy metals may pollute groundwater
54
Q

Waste management in York [2]

A
  • For over 30 years Harewood Whin was the landfill site where waste from the City of York was sent to landfill, could process 320,000 tonnes of waste a year
  • Allerton Waste Recovery Park built to replace, can tackle 1400 tonnes a day
55
Q

Why was Harewood Whin closed?

A

It was unsustainable and detrimental to the environment

56
Q

What were environmental challenges once the site had been closed? [2]

A
  • Seagulls: THOUSANDS OF THEM

- Trying to safety maintain the area around the site

57
Q

How much energy does Allerton Recovery site produce?

A

Enough to power 40,000-60,000 homes

58
Q

How much waste at Allerton can’t be processed and is sent to landfill?

A

10% can’t be processed

59
Q

How many tonnes of what from Allerton is sent to construction projects?

A

74,000 tonnes of ash is sold to construction projects

60
Q

Cons of incineration [3]

A
  • Visible pollution
  • Can cost millions to run and operate
  • Incineration creates ash
61
Q

In the long term what should be done with waste in York?

A

Long-term the council should get into recycling more.

Geography (13 decks)

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