content Flashcards
(16 cards)
definition of human rights
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled, regardless of nationality, sex, ethnicity, religion, language or status. The modern framework is based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted in 1948.
3 things human rights are seen as
Universal: They apply to all humans.
Inalienable: They cannot be taken away.
Indivisible: All rights are equally important.
IMR - violation of HR
- infant mortality rate
- measures number of infant deaths per 1000 live births
- idicates access to healthcare, nutrition, paternal support, education
- global variations:
norway 2.5
chad 95
MMR - violation of HR
- Maternal Mortality Rate
- Deaths of women during pregnancy or within 42 days of giving birth per 100,000 live births.
- causes: limited access to emergency care, poor nutrition + sanitation, gender inequality, lack of skilled medical staff
- global variation:
sudan 1150
Italy 2
forced labour and modern slavery - violation of HR
factors affecting forced labour:
- Economic: poverty, unemployment, migration
- Political: weak rule of law, corruption
- Social: gender inequality, trafficking, child marriage
- Environmental: disasters, mining risks
examples
- Cotton picking in Uzbekistan (state-sponsored)
- Mining in DRC (child labour)
- Tomato farms in the USA
capital punishment - violation of HR
- 55 countries (2024) still have death penalty
what does the global gender gap index measure
economci participation
education
health
political empowerment
reasons for gender inequality
- educational opportunties –> girls dont skl bc patriarchle traditions, poverty, early marriage/ pregnancy
- access to reproductive health services –> FGM, early marriage, lack of contraception/ education - violates basic health rights
- employment –> women supposed to stay home, pregnancies, pay gap, legal barriers in 18 countries men can legally stop wives working, discrimination, exploitation and abuse in workplace
types of intervention
- People: Peacekeepers, legal experts, humanitarian workers
- Money: Foreign aid, donations (e.g. $976m for MINUSCA)
- Technology: Satellite imagery, Unmanned drones for remote areas, Big data for refugee tracking
short term impacts of intervention
- Protection of civilians
- Delivery of food, shelter, medical aid (e.g., MSF clinics in Malawi)
- Refugee support and security
long term impacts of intervention
- Legal reform (e.g., outlawing FGM, banning child marriage)
- Peace and stability
- Improved education and health outcomes
- Greater female empowerment
problems with intervetion
- Corruption and weak governance
- Aid dependency
- Insecurity post-conflict
- Uneven coordination between actors
whats the united nations
- intergovernmental organisation with 193 member states
- one of main aims ‘reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity + worth of humans equally for men and women in nations large and small’
examples of NGOs
RED CROSS
- international humanitarian movement - medical assistance, reguee aid, disater relief
OXFAM
- Works on poverty reduction, education, gender equality, and development.
- lobbies gov for structural reform
examples of treaties and convention
UNCRC (1989)
- United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
- most ratified human rights treaty in the world.
- Defines what governments must do to protect children’s rights, e.g. to survival, development, and protection from abuse.
NATO
- mainly a military alliance but also humanitarian and peace-building operations when invited by the UN or host countries
- EG - Afghanistan (2001–2021): Supported post-Taliban governance and human rights training
