Content

Question 1

Two types of long term memory

Answer 1

Implicit (without awareness) and Explicit (with awareness)

Question 2

Explicit memory types

Answer 2

Episodic memory: events from your life. (e.g birthday party)
Semantic memory: facts/knowledge (incl. self knowledge) (e.g Paris is in France, I am 17 years old)

Question 3

Implicit memory types

Answer 3

procedure memory: skills/actions (knowing how) (e.g riding a bike, tying shoe)
classically conditioned memory: through classical conditioning (think Pavlov)

Question 4

parts of brain involved in explicit memory

Answer 4

• hippocampus
• neocortex
• amygdala

Question 5

parts of brain involved in implicit memory

Answer 5

• basal ganglia
• cerebellum
• amygdala

Question 6

hippocampus

Answer 6

encodes and retrieves explicit memories

Question 7

neocortex

Answer 7

stores explicit memories

Question 8

amygdala

Answer 8

responsible for encoding emotional components of both implicit and explicit memories

Question 9

basal ganglia

Answer 9

encodes and stores procedures, skills, habits and rewards in implicit memories

Question 10

cerebellum

Answer 10

encodes and stores implicit memory relating to simple movements (e.g reflex, classical conditioning and procedural memory) in implicit memories

Question 11

what is autobiographical memory?

Answer 11

a memory system consisting of memories of stories recalled from a persons life

Question 12

types of autobiographical memory

Answer 12

Episodic and semantic- these both link together to help retrieve memory

Question 12

episodic autobiographical memory

Answer 12

thoughts/emotions in that moment (e.g conversation, dance to music)

Question 13

semantic autobiographical memory

Answer 13

facts and event knowledge within memory (e.g date, time, location)

Question 14

episodic future thinking using autobiographical memories

Answer 14

• using episodic memories to recall feelings/events
• using semantic memories to understand key features like where/what
• both used to imagine future

Question 15

to access autobiographical memory

Answer 15

using mental imagery: ability to see something in your minds eye

Question 16

what is learning?

Answer 16

a relatively permanent change in behaviour it has to be apparent, long lasting and occurs due to experience

Question 17

behaviourist approaches to learning

Answer 17

• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning

Question 18

social cognitive approaches to learning

Answer 18

• observational learning

Question 19

operant conditioning

Answer 19

Antecedent: environmental stimulus that precedes and triggers operant response
Behaviour: the voluntary response/behaviour that acts on environment
Consequence: the effect on future behaviour

Question 19

classical conditioning

Answer 19

3 phase process:
1st phase: before conditioning
- NS –> no response
- UCS –> UCR
2nd phase: during conditioning
- UCS presented almost immediately after NS to get UCR
3rd phase: after conditioning
- NS turns into CS and UCR is CR
- therefore, NS presented organism will produce CR

Question 20

types of consequences

Answer 20

punishment: decrease likelihood of doing behaviour again
- negative: pleasant stimulus removed
- positive: unpleasant stimulus added
reinforcement: increase likelihood of doing behaviour again
- negative: unpleasant stimulus removed
- positive: pleasant stimulus added

Question 21

Observational learning

Answer 21

• Attention: focuses awareness on model
• Retention: forms mental representation os behaviour
• Reproduction: learner must have physical/ cognitive ability to do behaviour
• Motivation: learner must want to perform behaviour
• Reinforcement: influences learners likelihood of re-performing

Question 22

Process of memory

Answer 22

1. Encoding: conversion of info into a usable form so it can be stored in memory
2. Storage: retention of encoded info over time
3. Retrieval: recovery of stored info and bringing into conscious awarded for use when needed

Question 23

Atkinson and Shiffron's Multi-Store Model of Memory process

Answer 23

1. sensory information form external environment enters sensory memory 2. sensory memory can remember a vast capacity of this info for about 0.2-4 secs 3. if sensory info not attended to it will be lost, if attended to it enters STM 4. STM can remember 7+/-2 pieces of info and can remember for 18-30 secs 5. if info is not rehearsed memory will be lost, if info is rehearsed in STM it becomes encoded and is stored in LTM 6. info in LTM can be retrieved due to cues, some info from LTM may be lost over time or become inaccessible due to not using right retrieval cues

Question 24

Manipulating information in STM

Answer 24

Rehearsal: - elaborative: linking to other info previously learnt - maintenance: repeating info Chunking: grouping of seperate bits of information into a larger single unit (increase amount of info held in STM)

Question 24

Atkinson and Shiffrin's Explanatory power

Answer 24

Strengths: - outlines that each memory store has a capacity and duration - good understanding of the structure and process of memory - support distinction between STM and LTM Weaknesses: - proposes rehearsal is necessary for info to be transferred to LTM which isn't true - No physical or biological process - doesn't account for individuals differences in memory process, storage duration, and capacity