Content Knowledge

Question 1

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 1

Was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, volunteerist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted “immediate emancipation” of slaves in the United States.

Question 2

Frederick Douglass

Answer 2

American abolitionist, women’s suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman, minister and reformer. Escaping from slavery, he made strong contributions to the abolitionist movement, and achieved a public career that led to his being called “The Sage of Anacostia” and “The Lion of Anacostia”. Is one of the most prominent figures in African American and United States history.

Question 3

John Mercer Langston

Answer 3

Was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, and political activist. Together with his older brothers Gideon and Charles, he became active in the Abolitionist movement. He helped runaway slaves to escape to the North along the Ohio part of the Underground Railroad. In 1858 he and Charles partnered in leading the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.

Question 4

Nativism

Answer 4

The French philosopher Rene Descartes states that there is a body of knowledge that people are born with that requires no learning or experience. Favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, and it is assumed that they cannot be assimilated.

Question 5

Logan’s Lament

Answer 5

He was a leader of the Mingo Indians. He was a war leader but often urged his fellow natives not to attack whites settling in the Ohio Country. His attitude changed on May 3, 1774, when a group of Virginia settlers murdered approximately one dozen Mingos. Among them were his mother and sister. He demanded that the Mingos and their allies, principally the Shawnee Indians, take revenge for the deaths of his loved ones. He wrote a famous speech and sent it to the English, refusing to come to negotiate peace.

Question 6

Plantation

Answer 6

Is a large farm or estate, usually in a tropical or subtropical country, where crops are grown for sale in distant markets, rather than for local consumption. Dominated southern agriculture from the mid-eighteenth century to the Civil War. These large farms, employing twenty or more slaves, produced staple crops (cotton, rice, tobacco) for domestic and foreign markets.

Question 7

Interstate Commerce Commission

Answer 7

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the its jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Question 8

Northern Securities Company

Answer 8

Was an important United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt; one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor.

Question 9

Sherman Antitrust Act

Answer 9

Requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law until Theodore Roosevelt’s Presidency (1901-1908). The purpose of the act was to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.

Question 10

WEB Du Bois

Answer 10

An American civil rights activist. He became the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becoming founder and editor of the NAACP’s journal The Crisis. He rose to national attention in his opposition of Booker T. Washington’s ideas of social integration between whites and blacks, campaigning instead for increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights, and the formation of a Black elite that would work for the progress of the African American race. He was willing to form alliances with progressive White Americans in pursuit of civil rights.

Question 11

Marcus Garvey

Answer 11

Inspired by what he heard he returned to Jamaica and established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and published the pamphlet, The Negro Race and Its Problems. He was influenced by the ideas of Booker T. Washington and made plans to develop a trade school for the poor similar to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.

Question 12

The New Deal

Answer 12

Was a series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 to his reelection in 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 R’s: relief, recovery and reform. It attempted to improve the economy through largescale spending on relief and reform.

Question 13

The First Great Awakening

Answer 13

Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 40s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield. Was a period of heightened religious activity in the British North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.

Question 14

Battle of Saratoga

Answer 14

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Question 15

Paleolithic Age

Answer 15

Old Stone Age, during the this period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. This period is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Were nomadic and lived in small groups.

Question 16

Shifting cultivation

Answer 16

Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted. The most common form is slash-and-burn agriculture: land is cleared by burning, so that crops can be grown. Slash-and-burn is practiced in many tropical forest areas, such as the Amazon region, where yams, cassava, and sweet potatoes can be grown

Question 17

Yalta Conference

Answer 17

Was the February 4-11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe’s postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Established new boundaries for Poland.

Question 18

Mixed government

Answer 18

Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers.

Question 19

Qin dynasty

Answer 19

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Qin Shihuangdi was their first emperor, he believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works. Another ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects.

Question 20

Byzantine Empire

Answer 20

A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395, rose out of the split of East and Western Roman Empire; lasted another 1000 years; kept Hellenism alive; fell in 1453 by the Ottomans Byzantine culture Greco-Roman culture continued to flourish, language was Greek, Orthodox Christianity, Greek and Roman knowledge was preserved in libraries

Question 21

Mongols

Answer 21

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. Mongolians Nomadic society with law code unification, strong military, but transmitted disease across continents

Question 22

Islam

Answer 22

622 The year of Flight of Muhammad to Medina (considered the beginning of Islam) The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran. As an empire created trade routes; Arab expansion into Africa, Asia, and Europe; Arab center from Makkah to Baghdad to Cairo. Bureaucracy relied on non-Arabs; Arabs translated Greek philosophers.
Islamic Scholars Moved to Timbuktu. Inventions: irrigation; astrolabe; algebra; large-scale paper. The split of the Islamic empire. In the seventh century, into the Shiite and the Sunni.

Question 23

Aztecs

Answer 23

(1200-1521) 1300, They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Question 24

Tang Dynasty

Answer 24

The imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, with its capital at Chang’an (present-day Xi’an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han period

Question 25

Kingdom of Maili

Answer 25

Was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. This Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This empire extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces.

Question 26

Kingdom of Songhai

Answer 26

Was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, It was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.

Question 27

Haitian Revolution

Answer 27

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Question 28

The factory system

Answer 28

Each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Factories spread wildly as well in the 1820s. Many of these factories were also built alongside water to take advantage of water power. Many also had massive smokestacks. Factories polluted both water and air.

Question 29

The Great Leap Forward

Answer 29

In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced lowquality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine. What is this program called?

Question 30

Neo Colonialism

Answer 30

A process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress," but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure

Question 31

Settled Agriculture

Answer 31

As opposed to slash-and-burn varieties, usually implied some forms of property so that land could be identified as belonging to a family, a village, or a landlord. Only with property was there incentive to introduce improvements, such as wells or irrigation measures, that could be monopolized by those who created them or left to their heirs.

Question 32

Cherokee

Answer 32

Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.

Question 33

Iroquois

Answer 33

A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK. Were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose use of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population that made war against other Algonquian peoples

Question 34

Iroquois Confederation

Answer 34

The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the FrenchIndian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution. The nations who joined the League were the Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Mohawk. Once they ceased most of their infighting, the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century northeastern North America.

Question 35

The Five Civilized Tribes

Answer 35

Were the five Native American nations: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, which were considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. Lived in the Southeastern United States before their relocation to other parts of the country, especially the future state of Oklahoma.

Question 36

American Dawes Commission

Answer 36

Its purpose was to convince the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to cede tribal title of Indian lands, and adopt the policy of dividing tribal lands into individual allotments. During this process, the Indian nations were stripped of their communally held national lands, which was divided into single lots and allotted to individual members of the nation.

Question 37

Marbury vs. Madison

Answer 37

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional President John Adams made several appoints of federalist judges to the Supreme Court in the days and hours before Pres. Jefferson, an anti-federalist, was to take office, in a move known as the "Midnight Judges". One of his last appt was on 3 March, the day before Jefferson was to take office. b. On 4 March, Jefferson ordered his Sec of State, James Madison, not to deliver Marbury's commission. Marbury sued. c. The Supreme Court, and CJ John Marshall determine that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal that it gave the judicial branch powers not granted in the constitution. d. Served as the precedent for the SC to nullify laws it found unconstitutional.

Question 38

Brown vs. Board of Education

Answer 38

Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954, stated that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools, overturned Plessey v. Ferguson (1896). Ruled that segregated schools are not acceptable because of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 39

Liberalism

Answer 39

A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

Question 40

Communist Manifesto/ Das Kapital

Answer 40

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes. 1. economic control 2. always been a class struggle b/w rich and poor 3. theory of surplus value 4. socialism is inevitable b/c capitalism contains the seeds of its own destruction

Question 41

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 41

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society.

Question 42

Legitimacy

Answer 42

Involves the acceptance of the decisions of government officials by the public on the grounds that the leaders' acquisition and exercise of power has been in accordance with the society's generally accepted procedures and political values. Ex/ A citizen views the government as legitimate, a law may be unpopular, but it will still garner popular acceptance.

Question 43

Filibuster

Answer 43

A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches. Hold up action on a bill by refusing to yield the floor, gives individual senators a degree of influence over legislation that is not available to the members of the House, whose debate is governed by a more restrictive set of rules.

Question 44

Impeachment

Answer 44

The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may do this to the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.", Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives.

Question 45

Populist

Answer 45

A person who advocates democratic principles; A politician who advocates specific policies just because they are popular. A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of

Question 46

Keynesian Economics

Answer 46

Theory stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms, economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore, advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle.

Question 47

Group Norms

Answer 47

Are rules that are designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect the appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of the members. "Conformity and compliance are two intended purposes of instituting this in groups., guidelines that regulate how members act as well as how they interact with each other.

Question 48

B.F. Skinner

Answer 48

Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. He is famous for use of his operant conditioning apparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pigeons and rats., Studied observable behaviors rather than thought - reinforcement - rewarding good behavior.

Question 49

Serial-Position Effect

Answer 49

A term coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus, refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the regency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).

Question 50

The European Union

Answer 50

Is an economic and political union between 27 member countries, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, it has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development.

Question 51

Miranda vs. Arizona

Answer 51

1966- U.S. Supreme Court decision required police to advise persons in custody of their rights to legal counsel and against self-incrimination. Required officers to inform persons of their constitutional rights when conducting an interrogation, The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police. Created the Miranda Rule: The rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)

Question 52

Hominids

Answer 52

earliest known humans

Question 53

John Locke

Answer 53

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel. classified knowledge as either: according to reason, contrary to reason, or about reason. He thought reason and revelation were complementary and derived from God

Question 54

Roots of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 54

1. The Commercial Revolution: 1500-1700 that spurred the great economic growth of Europe and brought about the Age of Discovery and Exploration, which in turn helped to solidify the economic doctrines of mercantilism 2. Scientific revolution- produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances 3. Increase in population in Europe 4. 19th century political and social revolutions that began the rise to power of the middle class and that provided leadership for the economic revolution

Question 55

World War II

Answer 55

1939-1945 The struggle in which the United Sates, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union China and other allies defeated Germany, Italy, and Japan. Two atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in Japan to end the war, Of the many outcomes of war there are a few to note: Germany was divided into four parts and controlled by the Allied powers: geopolitical power shifted away from western and central Europe: the United States and Russia became known internationally as superpowers; new technology appeared (computer, jet engine, nuclear fission) and many global organizations sprouted (United Nations, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Internal Monetary Fund

Question 56

1st Amendment

Answer 56

Freedom of religion, press, assembly, expression Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Question 57

Major deserts

Answer 57

Deserts are land areas that are very dry and barren, mostly covered with sand and having specific plants and animals known only to that area. Some provide little possibility for human living conditions. Arabian, Atacama, Austrian, Iranian, Kalahari, Namib, North American, Patagonian, Sharan, Sonoran, Takla Makan-Gobi, Thar, and Turkestand

Question 58

People

Answer 58

The people of the world are diverse and offer a rich contribution to global unity. The live throughout the regions of the Earth's surface and sometimes are the primary means to defining an area. People are categorized in many ways in order to better describe them as related to their specific characteristics. Knowing information about the people of certain regions will help understand their relationships to the spaces of the world:

Question 59

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 59

10,000 B.C.E Began in the Middle East and spread into India, North Africa, and Europe Developed agricultural societies Improved economic, political, and social organizations Gave humans the ability to remain settled permanently Civilizations begin to form Developed alongside major rivers for agricultural production (river valley) Created a basic set of tools Introduced writing, mathematics, and politics

Question 60

Tigris-Euphrates Civilization

Answer 60

5,000 B.C.E Originated n the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia Started from scratch with no model or examples (Sumerian People) Created cuneiform (earliest from of writing) Established political system with a king and organized city-states Developed astronomical sciences, religious belief Improved agriculture through the use of fertilizer Used sliver to conduct commercial trade Developed procedures for law courts and property rights Focused on a standard legal system

Question 61

Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilization

Answer 61

2,500 B.C.E Developed along the Indus River Prospered in urban civilizations Traded with Mesopotamia Developed well-defined alphabet and artistic forms Maintained and regulated irrigation system Created advanced engineering and architectural technology Developed impressive intellectual establishments Constructed massive tombs and palaces Invaded and destroyed by Indo-Europeans

Question 62

Classical Civilizations

Answer 62

Expanded trade and provide other influences to areas outside their own borders Reevaluated and restructured key institutions upon decline and fall empires or rules, policies, and values Created new and varied religions Increased agricultural options and opportunities Extended the land territories and boundary areas Integrated the people and societies (social cohesion)

Question 63

The Civilization of China

Answer 63

1029 B.C.E Was the longest-lasting civilization in world history and one of the most influential. They had three dynastic cycles. Zhou, Qin, Han, all of which developed strong political institutions, created active economies, and promoted central tax systems. As one dynasty began to falter, the next rose developed through a prominent general, peasant, or invader who took the lead. Inventions: Bronze casting, crossbow, paper, iron plowshare, silk.

Question 64

Original 13 Colonies

Answer 64

Began with founding of settlements called Jamestown (1607), Plymouth (1620), and Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629). In 1773 is was established. They are 1. New Hampshire 2. Massachusetts 3. Rhode Island 4. Connecticut 5. New York 6. New Jersey 7. Pennsylvania 8. Delaware 9. Maryland 10. Virginia 11. North Carolina 12. South Carolina 13. Georgia

Question 65

American government was formed?

Answer 65

1787

Question 66

Articles of Confederation

Answer 66

1781 The first constitution of the 13 American states was later replaced in 1789 with the ratification of the Constitution of the United States it was the first attempt at establishing the basics of independent government. Passed Nov 15, 1777, they went into effect Mar 1, 1781 following ratification by the 13 states. Prevented central gov from gaining too much power, instead empowering a congress elected by the people, with the states retaining final authority. With no central executive, it was too weak to be effective in settling disputes or enforcing laws. Led to the drafting of the constitution.

Question 67

The Federalist Papers

Answer 67

1787-1788 This group of 85 articles was published in the New York newspaper to influence the decision to ratify the Constitution; even today it helps to explain intent of the Constitution. Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the antifederalists

Question 68

Political Science

Answer 68

Is to promote citizenship education , so students can learn to make informed decisions that improve and enhance society. Focus themes of Power, Authority, and Governance and Civic Ideals and Practices, which provide students with knowledge about the forms of government and the importance of community participation in a society

Question 69

Autocracy

Answer 69

Rule by one

Question 70

Oligarchy

Answer 70

Rule by minority

Question 71

Republic

Answer 71

Rule by law

Question 72

Socialism

Answer 72

Rule by all

Question 73

U.S Constitution

Answer 73

Was written by the founding Fathers i order to avoid the power of one single figure and to create a strong centralized government away from Great Britain. 1787 delegates voted immediately to abandon the Articles of Confederation and draft a new constitution. Checkes and balances, federalism, and separation of powers Three branches of government

Question 74

Executive Branch

Answer 74

This branch of the government ensures that the laws of the United States are followed. The head of the Executive Branch is the President of the United States, who also command the military. The President has assistance from the Vice President, Cabinet members, Department members, and federal agencies, all of whom help carrying out policy and providing special services

Question 75

Legislative Branch

Answer 75

This branch of government is composed of Congress and government agencies that provide support to the Executive Branch. Congress has the power to make laws for the United States and is divided in two parts: the House pf Representatives and the Senate. The Senate allows for the representatives from each state and the House permits representatives from the states population, with a total of 435 seats.

Question 76

Judicial Branch

Answer 76

This branch of government contains the court system. The highest court in the land is the Supreme Court and included in the system are the federal courts, The courts must ensure that the rules of the Constitution are upheld, so members of the courts interpret the meanings of laws and how they should be applied

Question 77

The Preamble

Answer 77

Is the formal introduction to the Constitution. It summarizes the basic premises and the explains the purpose of the Constitution

Question 78

Amendment

Answer 78

Ratified in 1791 are considered the Bill of Rights Is to change the wrong or meaning of a motion, bill, constitution, and so on by formal procedure. Are incorporated into the meaning of the Constitution

Question 79

Citizenship

Answer 79

As the way we act and live our lives. It includes how an individual makes decisions that may affect others and how individuals demonstrate their concern about the community and nation

Question 80

Federalism

Answer 80

The sharing of power between the national government and the individual state governments. State government have their own constitution, similar to the U.S constitution, but the laws of individual states cannot conflict with the federal Constitution. Every state constitution reflects its individual history, needs, philosophy, and geography and is uniquely different from all states.

Question 81

Dual Federalism

Answer 81

Is when the states govern the people directly and the national government governs foreign affairs. Continued until the Great Depression of 1930

Question 82

National Government

Answer 82

Declares War Manages foreign relations Oversees international, foreign, and interstate Mints money in a treasury

Question 83

State and National

Answer 83

Create and enforces laws Set taxes Borrow money

Question 84

State Government

Answer 84

Oversees export and important within its boundaries Manages public health and safety Ratifies amendments

Question 85

Checks and balance

Answer 85

Limits imposed on all branches of government by giving each the right to amend acts of the other branches

Question 86

Congressional district

Answer 86

Divison or part of a state, each district elects one person to the House of Representatives

Question 87

Constituent

Answer 87

Person who is represented by an elected official

Question 88

Delegate

Answer 88

Person who is represented by an elected official

Question 89

Indictment

Answer 89

Formal accusation through a legal process

Question 90

Seperation of powers

Answer 90

System of dividing the powers and duties of a government into different branches

Question 91

Veto

Answer 91

Cancel or postpone a decision, bill or so on

Question 92

Physical anthropology

Answer 92

The study of physical characteristic and difference between groups of people

Question 93

Nuclear Family

Answer 93

Which consists children (biological or adopted) all which resides in a single household and interact with one another in respective social positions

Question 94

Norms

Answer 94

These include the general rules by which a society exes.

Question 95

Residence

Answer 95

When people marry, they decide where to live, which is dependent on the societal norms and conforms

Question 96

Neo-local

Answer 96

The couple chooses a place of residence separate from either set of patterns

Question 97

Matrilocal

Answer 97

The couple lives with or near the family of the wife

Question 98

Patrilocal

Answer 98

The couples lives with or near the family of the husband

Question 99

Authority

Answer 99

Rules of power are often dependent on gender in most societies

Question 100

Patriarchal Authority

Answer 100

The male has the power and authority demonstrated in personal as well as governmental law

Question 101

Matriarchal Authority

Answer 101

The female has power and authority, often being the oldest maternal figure

Question 102

Egalitarian

Answer 102

No one social group has grater access to economic resources, power, or prominence than another. Economic differences hold no bearing upon prominence within the society. For example a cook and a doctor have equal access to societal possessions

Question 103

Rank

Answer 103

Economic resources and power are equal to all social groups, but prominence is unequally distributed. Often a river or chief maintain the highest prominence status

Question 104

Class

Answer 104

There is unequal distribution in economic resources, and prominence among social groups. It can be a closed system or an open system

Question 105

Socialization

Answer 105

The acceptance and practice of the behavior patterns of a culture (following the norms)

Question 106

Acculturation

Answer 106

The modification and adaptation of an individual or group as a result of contact or interaction with another culture. It can also be the manner by which an individual learns a culture

Question 107

Stereotype

Answer 107

Unsophisticated and strongly held belief's about the characteristic of a group of people

Question 108

Communist

Answer 108

Endorse the establishment of society based on common ownerships of the means of production

Question 109

Industrialism

Answer 109

Uses large industries rather than agriculture or craftsmanship to create a system

Question 110

Laisses-farie

Answer 110

Strict free market with absence of government involvement, promotes private to maintain freedom, security, and property rights.

Question 111

Mercantilism

Answer 111

States that a nation must depend on its capital and that the world market is unchangeable

Question 112

Socialist

Answer 112

System of social control regarding property and income rather than individual control

Question 113

Black economy

Answer 113

An unreported sector of the primary economic system in which transaction are handled in cash only

Question 114

Budget

Answer 114

Management of current money that requires choices and an analysis of the situation

Question 115

Consumption

Answer 115

Management of current money that requires choices and an analysis of the situation

Question 116

Depression

Answer 116

A long period of financial and industrial decline

Question 117

Fiscal Policy

Answer 117

A way to regulate economic activity

Question 118

Inflation

Answer 118

An increase in overall prices for products and services

Question 119

Monetary Policy

Answer 119

The way government controls the money supply, such as interest rates

Question 120

Recession

Answer 120

Period of slow economic growth plagued with high unemployment and minimal spending

Question 121

Supply and demand

Answer 121

The amount of goods and services, which is directly related to the request for them when the request (demand) goes up, the amount (supply) must go up, and therefore, the price goes up

Question 122

Value

Answer 122

The basis for economics,used to describe and measure what is occurring in the market

Question 123

Anarchism

Answer 123

A lack of government based on the political philosophy by people who hold beliefs that the state is unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful and have attitudes that reject compulsory government Self-Regulated market with voluntary trade

Question 124

Capitalism

Answer 124

Self- sufficient systems that limits outside trade, relying on its own resources

Question 125

Dual economy

Answer 125

Two system (local needs and global needs) within one country, occurs mostly in under developed countries

Question 126

Gift economy

Answer 126

Believes that goods and service should be given without specific reason, such as for generosity

Question 127

Market economy

Answer 127

Considered a compromise system, as it allows public and privately owned companies or business to operate simultaneously. have no central authority; custom plays a small role

Question 128

Natural economy

Answer 128

Operates on a bartering or trade system rather than a monetary foundation for the exchange of goods and services

Question 129

Open economy

Answer 129

Allows export and import from the global market

Question 130

Participatory economy

Answer 130

Guides the production, consumption, and allocation of resources through participatory decision-making of its society members

Question 131

Planned economy (directed economy)

Answer 131

Is designed and managed through a primary authority Is designed and managed through a primary authority

Question 132

Subsistence economy

Answer 132

Is one in which the output of services and good meets only the population consumption of the area and resources are renewed and reproduced

Question 133

Six major social institutions

Answer 133

a. Family - the basic unit of any society and most important b. Education - values and norms are communicated through institutionalized education. c. Political institutions - determine the distribution of power. d. Economic institutions - distribution of wealth e. Religion - provides mores and beliefs that unify a culture. f. Sport - reflects societal values, unifies, and an outlet for aggression.

Question 134

Five major classifications of social groups

Answer 134

a. Primary - need for support, such as family and friends. b. Secondary - need to complete a task. c. Reference - form identity d. In and Out groups - oppose and/or exclude each other. e. Social networks - provide links to large groups of other individuals.

Question 135

How is socialization important to individuals.

Answer 135

It's how they learn to function within a specific culture or society. Observation of others behavior at an early age and throughout their lifetime teaches them how to behave and interact with others.

Question 136

Three major ways sociologist gather and test data.

Answer 136

a. Surveys or direct questioning. b. Controlled experiments. c. Field Observations.

Question 137

Sociology

Answer 137

The study of societies. Societies are made up of institutions, groups, and individuals. How they interact is a major focus of sociology.

Question 138

The basic beliefs of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Answer 138

a. Society is a constant struggle between classes. b. This struggle will eventually lead to revolution between the working class (proletariat) and the men of money and power (bourgeois). c. This will lead to socialism, and eventually to communism, a moneyless, classless, stateless society.

Question 139

Emile Durkheim's influence on sociology.

Answer 139

Due to his effort, sociology came to be a major discipline at universities. He believed that the world was influenced by group and not individual beliefs. Performed in-depth studies of suicide rates due to large changes in society.

Question 140

Auguste Comte and his sociological theory.

Answer 140

French philosopher who first used the term sociology. Major theory was Positivism, which relies entirely on physical data to describe and evaluate human experience, completely discounting metaphysical.

Question 141

How does gender and age lead to discrimination.

Answer 141

a. Discrimination against women is profound in developing countries. Increasing the standing of women in society is a major element in increasing the livelihood of that society. b. Discrimination against the elderly is based on their decreased physical ability and ability to contribute economically. Elderly bring experience and knowledge, however their poverty level is at 10% in the US.

Question 142

Patterns sociologists use to define relationships involving race and ethnicity.

Answer 142

a. Assimilation: 1. Anglo-conformity - immigrants and minorities conform 2. Cultural pluralism - acceptance of racial and ethnic groups 3. Accommodation - mutual adaption between majority and minority 4. Melting pot - mixing of ethnic groups brings about new cultural gp. b. Conflict: 1. Population transfer - one group is forced to leave by another 2. Subjugation - one group controls another 3. Genocide - one group destroys another

Question 143

Three processes that bring about cultural change.

Answer 143

a. Discovery - finding things that already exist (fire). b. Invention - creating new things that changes the way things are done. c. Diffusion - borrowing elements of other cultures.

Question 144

Major traits that appear in all cultures.

Answer 144

a. Recreation b. Economy c. Language d. Institution e. Arts f. Beliefs g. Environment

Question 145

Subsistence.

Answer 145

a. Refers to the ways in which societies obtain the necessities of life. 1. Foraging or hunter-gatherer 2. Pastoralism 3. Horticulture 4. Intensive agriculture

Question 146

Culture.

Answer 146

Culture is learned human behaviors. It consists of: 1. Cultural universals such as language 2. Culture, or traditions that define that a society 3. Subculture, or a group within a group.

Question 147

How did Max Weber explain differences in social dev between the east and west.

Answer 147

a. Differing religions led to different social dev. b. Protestantism led to the dev of capitalism. c. Organization of the state felt violence was a legitimate means of protecting citizens and enforcing rule.

Question 148

Herbert Spencer

Answer 148

Credited with the idea of Social Darwinism. Spencer states that the major driving force behind changes in society is competition.

Question 149

Why is Aristotle important to the science of Psychology.

Answer 149

Often cited as founding the science of Psychology due to his interest in working with the human mind. Felt that the mind was part of the body, but the psyche was a receiver of knowledge, and the focus was to uncover the soul.

Question 150

Five techniques psychologists use in research.

Answer 150

a. Naturalistic observation - study people without interference b. Surveys c. Case study - individuals or groups are studied in-depth over time d. Experimental - use of experimental and control groups to prove or disprove a theory e. Correlational design - concerned with relationships between variables, such as how one factor causes or influence another

Question 151

Psychology as a scientific discipline.

Answer 151

Psychology correlates human behavior and can use this data to predict future behavior. By observing patterns and recording them in detail, psychologists can apply patterns to predictions about human behavior in individuals, groups, cultures or even countries.

Question 152

Who is Mary and Louis Leakey and why are their discoveries important.

Answer 152

The Leakey's made major human species discoveries at Olduvai Gorge in Africa. They discovered human remains dating back 4 million years, stone tools, footprints, and Mary Leakey developed a classification system for early humans. Their findings changed theories on the development and evolution of humans.

Question 153

What are the contributions of Margaret Mead to sociology.

Answer 153

Mead studied sexual beliefs and norms among S. Pacific and S.E. Asian cultures. She also studied how children were raised in different cultures, and how breastfeeding was viewed among different cultural groups. Her work popularized sociology.

Question 154

Explain the characteristics and importance of religion in anthropological studies

Answer 154

a. Religion is a belief system that has a set of rituals involving the worship of supernatural forces that affect our daily life. b. Religion provides meaning and explanation for life events and worldview. c. Religion provides emotional support for individuals and a sense of community within the group. d. Religion provides structured sets of moral norms for the group to abide by e. Secularization has reduced the role of religion in everyday life, leading individuals to find other systems to fill the void.

Question 155

Contributions of Sigmund Freud.

Answer 155

Freud was an Austrian doctor who developed a number of theories regarding human processes and behavior. He believed the subconscious to hold repressed experiences that drove behavior without the individual knowing it, and that these motivators could lead to severe personality disorders. He stressed sexual desire. His three major components of an individuals psychological makeup: 1. Id - instinct or basic drives 2. Ego - conscious and self-awareness 3. Superego - strives for perfection and appropriate behavior

Question 156

Contributions of Johannes Muller and Herman van Hemholtz to psychology.

Answer 156

The first psychologists to conduct organized and scientific studies of sensation and perception. They showed it was possible to study physical processes that work to produce mental activity.

Question 157

Contributions of William James and William Wundt to psychology. Contributions of William James and William Wundt to psychology.

Answer 157

James founded the worlds first psychology lab, while Wundt published the first experimental psychology journal. 'Introspection' grew out of their work. Their work also helped separate psychology from philosophy.

Question 158

Behaviorism.

Answer 158

John Watson developed the idea that growth, learning, and training would always win out over innate tendencies. He believed anyone could perform any type of art, craft, or enterprise with training and experience.

Question 159

What were the major theories of Carl Jung.

Answer 159

A student of Freud, Jung developed the theory of Extroversion and Introversion, as well as proposing the existence of the collective unconsciousness and the occurrence of Synchronicity.

Question 160

Social Psychology.

Answer 160

The study of ways in which people interact and why/how they decide who to interact with. The way people react are defined as: 1. Social perception - how we perceive others based on our experiences and prejudices. 2. Personal relationships - relationships developed among people for various reasons, to include reproduction and forming a family unit. 3. Group behavior - people gather into groups with similar beliefs, needs, and characteristics. Sometimes group behavior differs from what might be practiced by an individual alone. 4. Attitudes - indiv. attitudes develop over time based on experience, history, and knowledge, can change over time, but can also lead to prejudice.

Question 161

Three major types of learning.

Answer 161

a. Classical conditioning - a specific stimulus is associated with a specific response over time. b. Operant conditioning - behavior is punished or rewarded leading to a desired behavior. c. Social learning - learning based on observation of others.

Question 162

Gestalt Psychology, Social Psychology, and Modern Psychology.

Answer 162

a. Gestalt, dev. by Max Wertheimer, states that events are not considered individually, but as part of a larger pattern. b. Social psychology studies how social conditions affect individuals. c. Modern psychology combines early schools of thought by Freud, Jung, behaviorism, cognitive, humanistic and stimulus-response theories.

Question 163

Describe the work of Pavlov and Skinner.

Answer 163

Both built on the theories of John Watsons' behaviorism, believing environment (outside stimulus) strongly influenced behavior. 1. Pavlov's experiments proved the existence of conditioned response causing dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell. 2. Skinner built on Pavlov's work, developing the Skinner Box used to develop and study conditioned response in rats.

Question 164

What happens when industrialization comes about too quickly.

Answer 164

a. Use of technology not suited to the products being produced. b. Poor investment capital. c. Lack of time for population to adjust to new paradigm d. Lack of time for experience at all stages of development

Question 165

How do banks function.

Answer 165

a. Banks earn income by making loans and earning interest. b. If less money is available, fewer loans are made. c. Banks can not loan out all their money, and must keep some in reserve d. When the reserve ratio is lower, more money is loaned. e. When the reserve is higher, less money is loaned. f. The amount of the reserve is determined by the Fed Reserve System

Question 166

What is the importance of eCommerce.

Answer 166

It allows businesses to deal directly with consumers and suppliers, bypassing middle men. It supplies nearly instantaneous gratification to the consumer on a wide variety of products, and is constantly and rapidly changing.

Question 167

How do Open Market Operations work.

Answer 167

It allows businesses to deal directly with consumers and suppliers, bypassing middle men. It supplies nearly instantaneous gratification to the consumer on a wide variety of products, and is constantly and rapidly changing.

Question 168

What is Knowledge Economy.

Answer 168

Knowledge economy is a growing sector of developing countries that many one day rival the Agri and Industrial Revolutions consisting of: 1. Data 2. Intellectual property 3. Technology (primarily communication)

Question 169

What are the major characteristics of international trade.

Answer 169

a. Can take advantage of larger markets, bringing a wider variety of products b. Allows individual countries to specialize in products they can easily produce c. Products unavailable domestically can be acquired through trade

Question 170

What is cybernomics.

Answer 170

a. Economics driven by ecommerce. Some issues: 1. Security of online trade 2. Intellectual property rights. 3. Rights to privacy 4. Bringing developing nations into the fold

Question 171

What are the five major characteristics of a developing nation.

Answer 171

a. Low GDP b. Rapid growth of population c. Economy that depends on subsistence agriculture d. Poor living conditions that include high infant mortality, disease, sanitation and insufficient housing. e. Low literacy rate

Question 172

Three stages of economic development and the challenges of dev nations.

Answer 172

a. Developing countries typically don't have the monetary or technical resources and training to advance in the stages of economic dev: 1. Agricultural stage 2. Manufacturing stage 3. Service sector stage

Question 173

Four obstacles faced by developing nations regarding economic growth.

Answer 173

a. Rapid population growth b. Trade restrictions c. Misused resources by the nations government d. Traditional beliefs that slow or reject change

Question 174

Three major classifications of inflation.

Answer 174

a. Creeping - 1-3 percent annually b. Galloping - 100-300 percent annually c. Hyper - More than 500 percent annually, leading to economic collapse

Question 175

Define the role of the Federal Reserve.

Answer 175

a. Implements and regulates monetary policy in the US. b. Decreases or increases money avail to slow or stimulate the economy c. Controls the Discount Rate, or the interest rate charged to banks when they borrow money.

Question 176

Five different forms of unemployment.

Answer 176

a. Frictional - when workers change jobs and are unemployed while waiting for a new job. b. Structural - economic shifts reduce the need for workers. c. Cyclical - business cycles bring about job losses. d. Seasonal - seasonal cycles reduce the need for certain jobs. e. Technological - technology advances result in job elimination.

Question 177

What are the types of money available in the US.

Answer 177

a. Economists measure funds available by the following classes: 1. Deposits in checking and savings accts. (quickly conv into cash) 2. Savings deposits, CDs, and other monetary deposits. 3. The total funds available is the total quantity of the two.

Question 178

What is inflation and unemployment.

Answer 178

a. When demand outstrips supply price are driven artificially high. Caused by a spending imbalance in the economy where it is growing too quickly. b. When supply outstrips demand resulting in a surplus, causing companies to cut back on production or reduce employees. c. Both are controlled by government intervention.

Question 179

What is the types and functions of money.

Answer 179

a. Money should be scarce, stable, easily carried, durable, and easy to divide b. Money is used in three ways: 1. As an accounting unit. 2. As a store of value. 3. As an exchange medium. c. Three types of money: 1. Commodity - gems or precious metals 2. Representative - exchange for items such as gold or silver 3. Flat - no inherent value except as declared by a Gov.

Question 180

Four phases of national economies.

Answer 180

a. The economy of a nation is stable when the output is equal to the aggregate demand. 1. Boom - GDP is high and economy prospers 2. Recession - GDP falls, unemployment rises 3. Trough - recession reaches lowest point 4. Recovery - economy stabilizes as employment and prices rise

Question 181

Ways population growth is studied.

Answer 181

a. Size b. Growth due to immigration c. Fertility rate d. Life expectancy

Question 182

Types of earnings generated considered in calculation of GDP.

Answer 182

a. Compensation to employees b. Rental income from land c. Interest income from investments d. Entrepreneurial income e. (subtract taxes and depreciation)

Question 183

How does population affect the GDP of a country.

Answer 183

a. If production is low/population high, income per person is low. b. If the population grows quickly/income grows slowly, income remains low or even drops. c. Economic growth requires consumers to purchase goods and workers to produce them. A population that doesn't grow quickly cant produce enough workers to support rapid economic growth.

Question 184

Two ways to measure GDP of a country.

Answer 184

a. Expenditures approach - how much money is spent in each sector b. Income approach - how much money is earned in each sector c. Sectors: 1. Consumers 2. Business 3. Government 4. Foreign sector

Question 185

Government policies that mitigate inflation and unemployment.

Answer 185

a. Monetary - amount of funds available to banks (% rates) b. Contractionary - increase taxes and decrease gov. c. Expansionary - decrease taxes and increase gov. spending

Question 186

Four types of monopolies.

Answer 186

a. Natural - a single supplier has an advantage over others b. Geographic - one business offers the product in a certain area c. Technological - one company controls the IT necessary to supply a prod. d. Government - government is the only supplier of a product or service

Question 187

Explain distribution of income and poverty.

Answer 187

a. Ranges from poorest to richest. b. Income is not distributed evenly in most societies. c. To determine income distribution, family income is ranked lowest to highest and then grouped into sections called quintiles and then compared. d. Distribution of income is linked to higher levels of education and ability in upper classes, but also due to discrimination and monopolies. e. Income gap grows due to growth in the service sector, changes in American family unit, and reduced influence of labor unions. f. Poverty is living below the level of income needed for a family to function.

Question 188

Four types of market structures in an output market.

Answer 188

a. Perfect competition - all existing firms sell an identical product and are not able to control the final price. It is not difficult to enter or leave the industry. (agriculture). b. Monopoly - a single seller controls the price, there are barriers to entry, and high costs keep others from joining the industry. c. Monopolistic competition - many firms sell similar but not identical products (clothes or food). d. Oligopoly - only a few firms control the production and distribution of products. High costs prohibit entry.

Question 189

Distribution channels in the modern marketplace.

Answer 189

a. Distribution channels are the route a product takes from producer to consumer b. Influences the final price and availability c. Two forms of distribution: 1. Wholesale - buys in large quantities and resells smaller amounts to businesses. 2. Retail - Sell directly to consumers. d. Modernity of distribution - internet allows direct from producer to consumer, skipping the distribution system altogether.

Question 190

Factor income.

Answer 190

a. Labor - wages b. Capital - interest c. Land - rent d. Entrepreneurs - profit

Question 191

Four major elements of a marketing plan.

Answer 191

a. Product - elements related to the product, including packaging, presentation, or services. b. Price - cost of production, distro, advertising and desired profit c. Place - what outlets will be used to sell the product (stores/internet) d. Promotion - advertising to consumers through multiple mediums

Question 192

Four factors of production.

Answer 192

a. Labor (v) b. Land (f) c. Capital d. Entrepreneurship.

Question 193

Three steps used to evaluate a market for a product.

Answer 193

a. Market research - researching a market to determine if it will be receptive b. Market surveys - ask specific questions of specific groups about a product c. Test marketing - releasing a product in a small geographical area to see how it performs.

Question 194

Marketing and the four types of utility.

Answer 194

a. Marketing is the process of convincing consumers to acquire goods. b. The ability of a product to satisfy a need is called utility. The four utilities: 1. Form - about physical characteristics 2. Place - Location and convenience 3. Time - availability at a certain time 4. Ownership - passed to the consumer

Question 195

Macroeconomics

Answer 195

``` How the national economics function (income, composition, and investment) a. Looks at economic trends on a national level (aka GDP). Variables include: 1. Output 2. Consumption 3. Investment 4. Gov. spending 5. Net exports ```

Question 196

How does the USG control monopolies.

Answer 196

a. Sherman antitrust act - prohibits anything that limits competition b. Clayton antitrust act - prohibits price discrimination c. Robinson-Patman act - Strengthened the Clayton act

Question 197

Two major types of consumer behavior in macroeconomics.

Answer 197

a. Marginal propensity to consume - when consumers make more, they spend more b. Utility - the satisfaction a consumer has with a good or service

Question 198

Define elasticity, market efficiency, comparative advantage and opportunity cost.

Answer 198

a. Elasticity - how the quantity of a product responds to price demanded b. Market efficiency - when a market is capable of producing enough to meet demand. c. Comparative advantage - in international trade, this is the ability of a country to focus on a specific product it can produce quicker and cheaper than other countries (aka opportunity cost).

Question 199

Basics of a market economy.

Answer 199

a. Based on supply and demand. | b. Market equilibrium price - when needs of consumers meet the needs of suppliers

Question 200

Microeconomics

Answer 200

How specific markets function involving consumers and businesses a. Focuses on the way consumers behave. b. How income is distributed. c. Output and input markets. d. The above factors determine production decisions of producers based on resources and costs.

Question 201

Compare a planned economy to a market economy.

Answer 201

a. Market economy - supply and demand are determined by the consumer b. Planned economy - a public entity determines what will be produced, how it will be produced, the means of production and who will benefit.

Question 202

Market socialism.

Answer 202

Economic structure falls between market and planned economies. Planning authority determines allocation of resources, while consumer goods are driven by market demands.

Question 203

What are the five types of market failure.

Answer 203

a. Competition is inadequate. b. Information is inadequate. c. Resources are inadequate. d. Negative externalities or side effects that affect third parties. e. Failure to provide public goods.

Question 204

How do economists classify various markets.

Answer 204

a. Existence of competition b. Number and size of suppliers c. Influence of suppliers over price d. Variety of available products e. Ease of entering the market

Question 205

Economics

Answer 205

Study of ways that societies allocate resources to individuals and groups within that society. Since resources are finite, allocation becomes a reflection of that society's values. The economic system is based on: 1. What goods are produced. 2. How those goods are produced. 3. Who acquires the goods or benefits from them.

Question 206

How to interpret graphs and diagrams in social science.

Answer 206

a. Graphs show numeric information on both axis. b. Diagrams are drawings showing a progression of events.

Question 207

How to determine adequacy, relevance, and consistency of information.

Answer 207

a. Before seeking info, develop a list of questions to keep information within the parameters. b. Questions should be based on research goals. c. As pieces of information are discovered, they should be compared to the research questions to insure they are relevant. d. Information from multiple resources should be compared for consistency. e. Adequate information answers research questions completely.

Question 208

How should info be collected and results organized and reported for research papers.

Answer 208

a. Identify a topic that is interesting and strong opinions are not already formed. b. Identify a research question. c. Identify sources for specific information. d. Have a system for clearly identifying sources. e. Information must be acknowledged with footnotes or a bibliography. f. Research bibliographies of general sources to narrow down information specific to his topic. g. Draft a thesis statement that summarizes the main point of the research. h. Develop a working outline. i. A rough draft should be developed that incorporates the results of research with citations. j. The paper is then edited for clarity, style, flow and content.

Question 209

Describe how timelines are used.

Answer 209

a. Used to show relationships between people, places, and events. b. Ordered chronologically, L to R, or top to bottom. c. Each event is associated with a date. d. Electronically, they often contain hyperlinks to more information. e. Cause and effect relationships can be observed. f. They help make the passage of time a concrete concept.

Question 210

Compare and contrast primary and secondary resources for research.

Answer 210

a. Primary resources: 1. Provide information about an event from people who were at the event. 2. Information from the period might show the social setting or how things were viewed at that time. 3. The internet is a primary source, but the website must be evaluated for the perspective. Websites hosted by individuals or special interest groups are typically biased as opposed to news organizations or government sponsored sites. b. Secondary resources: 1. Provide information about an event but weren't written at the time the event took place. 2. They draw information from primary sources. 3. Have the additional advantage of historical perspective. 4. Magazines that write about events even a week later are counted as secondary sources. 5. They tend to analyze events more effectively than primary sources.

Question 211

How can political cartoons be used in studies.

Answer 211

a. Drawing convey an opinion either critical or supportive, summarizing a series of events, fictional situation, or summarize an attitude. b. Secondary source of information. c. May have captions, dialogue, or cultural symbols. d. Employ caricature to call attention to a situation. e. The nature of a caricature reveals the authors position. f. Students should examine the issue, what elements the artist used to support his point, and what the message is.

Question 212

Compare and contrast the natural, political, and cultural features on a map.

Answer 212

a. Displayed in the legend. b. Natural features are geographically identifiable areas such as water, mountains, etc, that can be compared by regions. c. Political features are state divisions, roads, railroads, etc, that can be compared numerically. It provides information about density and population. d. Cultural features may include roads, railroads, but museums and historic areas, archaeological areas, and campgrounds. This may provide history on an area, as well as current use.

Question 213

How to organize information chronologically.

Answer 213

a. Each piece of information must be associated with a time or date. b. Helps to analyze more easily the effects events have chronologically. c. One disadvantage is that it does not highlight one event that may have been more important than other minor events.

Question 214

How to recognize cause and effect relationships.

Answer 214

a. Simple linkages between an event that happened because of some other event. b. Effects are chronologically ordered after causes. c. Causes can be found by asking what happened. d. Comparing similarities and differences requires putting two concepts next to each other and listing the ways they are the same or different. e. Venn diagrams are often used to organize this information.

Question 215

Cartographic Distortion.

Answer 215

a. Occurs when a three dimensional structure is projected onto a two dimensional surface of a map. b. Maps that preserve direction are azimuthal. c. Maps that preserve shapes are conformal. d. Area preserving maps are equal area. e. Distance preserving maps are so named. f. Maps that preserve the shortest routes are gnomonic.

Question 216

How to interpret charts and tables.

Answer 216

a. Charts are a visual representation of data. b. Charts should be labeled in such a way that a reader can locate a point on the chart then consult the surrounding axis for table headings to understand how it compares to other points. c. Tables are a type of chart that divides textual information into rows and columns. Each row or column represents a characteristic of the information.

Question 217

Two major types of international organizations.

Answer 217

a. Intergovernmental Org (IGO) - made up of members from various national governments with treaties to determine functions and powers (ex: UN). b. Nongovernmental Org (NGO) - Lies outside the scope of gov and supported through private donations (ex: Red Cross).

Question 218

Presidential and Socialism as forms of government.

Answer 218

a. Presidential - similar to parliamentary with a legislature and political parties, but there is no difference between head of state and head of government. b. Socialism - State provides social services to citizens and guides the economy. It also controls the production of goods, though it may not own all the means of production.

Question 219

Four processes from which political candidates are chosen.

Answer 219

a. Nominating convention - party members meet to nominate candidates. The DNC and RNC are examples. b. Caucuses - meetings attended by party leaders. Some state still use... c. Primary elections - publicly held election to choose candidates. d. Petitions - gathering of signatures to put a candidate on the ballot.

Question 220

Role of diplomats in international relations.

Answer 220

a. Reside in foreign countries to maintain communications between states. b. Negotiate trade agreements, environmental policy, and convey info. c. Resolve conflict between the countries d. Appointed by the President and approved by Congress.

Question 221

Totalitarian Government.

Answer 221

a. Totalitarian - everything under the control of the gov., to include all personal freedoms. Everything must conform to ideals of the gov. b. Authoritarian - widespread state authority but doesn't dismantle all public institutions, ex: churches that don't pose a threat.

Question 222

List ways the average citizen can participate in the political process.

Answer 222

a. Voting for elected officials b. Volunteer in political parties c. Participate in caucuses or conventions d. Donate money to political parties, causes, or social welfare issues e. Participate in local gov. f. Run for election in local, state, or national offices

Question 223

Describe the role of the UN in international relations.

Answer 223

helps to form international policies by hosting representatives of various countries who then provide input on policy decisions. Member states not abiding by resolutions are subject to sanctions, often economic, though troops can be sent in from member nations.

Question 224

Define parliamentary and democratic systems of government.

Answer 224

a. Parliamentary - government involves a legislature with a variety of political parties. The head of gov., usally a PM, is the head of the dominant party. A head of State can be elected or can by taken by a monarch. b. Democratic - people elect their gov. representatives. Two forms of democracy: 1. Direct - each issue is decided by a vote where each individual is counted separately. 2. Indirect - employs a legislature that votes on issues that affect large numbers of people whom they represent.

Question 225

How do political campaigns gain funding, and what is it used for.

Answer 225

Campaign funds are used for office space, supplies, and primarily advertising. Funds are typically gained through several sources: 1. Personal funds 2. Donations from individuals 3. Special interest groups (most significant source of funding).

Question 226

Define realism, liberalism, institutionalism and constructivism as they relate to International relations.

Answer 226

a. Realism - nations are aggressive, and work in their own self-interest. Relations are determined by military and economic strength. b. Liberalism - believes that states can cooperate, and act based on capabilities vice power. c. Institutionalism - institutions provide structure and incentive for cooperation among nations. Institutions are a set of rules used to make international decisions. They help distribute power. d. Constructivism - similar to liberalism but realize perceptions countries have of each other affect their relations.

Question 227

Explain the importance of free press and media.

Answer 227

Free speech is guaranteed by the first amendment and allows the media to report on government without fear of retribution. It insures that the people are informed about debates and discussions in congress, and draws attention to injustices and transgressions committed by their government. Media outlets CAN align themselves with a certain political ideology and skew the viewpoint in favor of their belief system.

Question 228

Foreign policy.

Answer 228

A set of goals, policies, and strategies that determine how a nation will interact with other countries based on ideals and needs. Strategies shift with change in other countries.

Question 229

The major figures involved in determining and enacting US Foreign policy.

Answer 229

a. Determined by Congress and the President, and is greatly influenced by the Sec. of State, Sec. of Defense, and the NSA. b. The State Dept. carries out policy, negotiates treaties, maintains diplomatic relations, assists traveling citizens, and advises the President on international issues. The DoD supervises the armed forces and provides assistance to the President as the Commander in Chief.

Question 230

Three powers delegated to the national government by the constitution.

Answer 230

a. Expressed - declare war, regulate commerce, make money and collect taxes. b. Implied - powers the gov. needs to carry out expressed powers. c. Inherent - powers inherent to any gov not defined in the constitution.

Question 231

Rights, duties, and responsibilities expected of US citizens.

Answer 231

a. Rights - expressed in the Bill of Rights, include the freedom of speech, religion, assembly and variety of others that the gov can not remove. b. Duties: 1. Pay taxes 2. Loyalty to the gov but can criticize or seek change 3. Support and defend the constitution 4. Serve in the armed forces as required 5. Obey laws set forth by all levels of gov. c. Responsibilities: 1. Vote 2. Respect each others rights and not infringe on them 3. Stay informed about issues 4. Respect each others beliefs

Question 232

Civil liberty challenges that are currently being addressed.

Answer 232

a. Womens rights with regard to equal pay b. Affirmative action to hire minorities c. Civil rights of homosexuals with regard to marriage d. Compensation of minorities for past discriminatory actions e. Public right to know vice gov. national security needs f. Publics right to privacy vice gov. national security

Question 233

Functions of political parties and party nominations.

Answer 233

a. Recruit candidates for office b. Increase public awareness c. Work toward compromise on difficult issues d. Staff gov offices and provide admin support e. Support candidates as they run for office and are elected

Question 234

Six major principles of government in the Constitution.

Answer 234

a. Federalism - power is divided between state and national gov. b. Limited government - gov powers are limited and individual rights are inviolable by gov. c. Popular sovereignty - gov gets its power by and from the people d. Separation of Powers - gov is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial e. Checks and balances - no branch can act without input from another, and each has the power to check another to balance power. f. Judicial review - courts at all levels can declare laws invalid if they violate state or US constitution. Supreme court is the final authority.

Question 235

What is US citizenship and how can it be lost.

Answer 235

a. Anyone born in the US, born abroad to US citizens, or have gone through the naturalization process is considered a citizen of the US. b. Citizen can be lost by: 1. Committing certain crimes such as treason. 2. Pledges an oath to another country. 3. Serves in the military of a country that is at war with the US 4. individual renouncing citizenship

Question 236

How does the Supreme Court provide equal protection under the law.

Answer 236

Amendments to the constitution have granted citizenship and voting rights to all Americans. The Supreme Court evaluates various laws and court decisions to determine if they properly represent the idea of equal protection.

Question 237

Development of political parties in the US.

Answer 237

a. Federalists and Democratic-Republicans - formed in the late 1700s and agreed on balance of power between state and national government. b. Democrats and Whigs - developed before the Civil War, based on disagreements over issues such as slavery. c. Democrats and Republicans - developed after the Civil War, centering on treatment of the post-war South.

Question 238

Four main political orientations.

Answer 238

a. Liberal - gov should work to increase equality even at the expense of some freedoms. Gov should assist those in need, and focus on enforced social justice and free education for everyone. b. Conservative - gov should be limited, and allow citizens to solve their own problems before gov intervention. Business should not be overregulated allowing a free market. c. Moderate - incorporates some liberal and some conservative ideas. d. Libertarian - gov should be limited to protecting life and liberty of citizens.

Question 239

How does the constitution address the rights of the accused.

Answer 239

The fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth amendment addresses the rights: 1. Fourth - no unreasonable searches or seizures 2. Fifth - no self-incrimination or double jeopardy 3. Sixth - Right to trial by jury and legal counsel 4. Eighth - no cruel or unusual punishment

Question 240

How do political parties affect the functioning of government.

Answer 240

a. Single party - the government reflects the views of that party b. Two party - two parties with different viewpoints compete for power and influence. c. Multi-party - various parties come together to form a majority and shift the balance of power.

Question 241

How has the government restricted the First Amendment rights.

Answer 241

a. Freedom of Religion - when religion uses activities that are illegal the government restricts them, such as polygamy, animal sacrifice or drug use. b. Freedom of Speech - restricted if it endangers others, such as yelling fire in a crowded theater. c. Freedom of the Press - prevents the press from publishing falsehoods.

Question 242

How has the voting process changed over the years.

Answer 242

First election was held with a public ballot, which facilitated intimidation or influence by groups over individuals. New practices involved pre-registering voters and use of a secret ballot. Introduction of the voting machine in 1892 further privatized voting, however today even the use of high tech electronic means still doesn't dispel the debate about accuracy of voting results.

Question 243

How does federalism affect policy making.

Answer 243

a. Federalism affects policy: 1. Determines whether local, state, or national gov originates policy 2. Affects how policies are made 3. Ensures policy making functions under a set of limitations b. Federalism affects balance of power: 1. Makes it difficult if not impossible for a single party to seize power 2. Ensures individuals can participate in political process at all levels 3. Makes it possible that individuals working in the system can affect policy at some level

Question 244

What is suffrage and franchise, and how voting rights have changed.

Answer 244

a. Both refer to the right to vote. b. Progression of voting rights: 1. Initially only white male landowners 2. By 19th century, most states franchised, allowing all white men to vote 3. 15th Amendment of 1870 granted slaves suffrage 4. 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote 5. 26th Amendment gave voting right to all citizens over 18

Question 245

What is the difference between civil liberties and civil rights.

Answer 245

a. Civil liberties - role of the state in providing equal rights and opportunities to individuals in that state. b. Civil rights - define the limitations of state rights, describing those rights that belong to the individual that cant be infringed on by the gov.

Question 246

Political Science.

Answer 246

a. The study of different governments, how they compare, interact, political theory, structure and function. Also how gov are administrated, elections are exercised, and how values such as freedom, power, justice and equality are expressed. b. Political science also encompasses other disciplines: 1. History - how it shaped political thought and process 2. Sociology - social development and its effect on gov and politics 3. Anthropology - effects of gov process on the culture 4. Economics - how gov policies regulate distro of products and influence the economy

Question 247

Four major purposes of any government.

Answer 247

a. Ensure national security b. Provide public services c. Ensure social order - settles conflicts among its citizens and makes laws d. Economic decisions - form economic policy domestically as well as international trade. Also has the ability to control distribution of wealth and goods.

Question 248

Four theories regarding the origin of the state.

Answer 248

a. Evolutionary - evolved from family model with head of state as patriarch b. Force - one person or group brought everyone under their control c. Divine right - people were chosen by a prevailing deity to be rulers d. Social contract - no natural order. People allow themselves to be governed to maintain social order. If the state doesn't protect the people, the people have a right to change the leaders.

Question 249

Sovereignty.

Answer 249

State sovereignty is the geographical division of areas into areas controlled by various governments. These groups or governments not only control the land, but the natural resources and the inhabitants. The entire planet is divided into politically or administratively sovereign areas.

Question 250

Biodiversity.

Answer 250

Biodiversity refers to various habitats on the planet and the organisms that exist there. Greater biodiversity makes it more likely that a habitat and its inhabitants will flourish. Climate change, human intervention, and other factors can reduce biodiversity and cause the extinction of some species.

Question 251

Alliance.

Answer 251

a. An alliance is formed among countries with similar interests, political goals, cultural values, or military issues. b. There are six existing alliances: 1. NATO 2. Common Market 3. EU 4. Caribbean Community 5. UN 6. Council of Arab Economic Unity c. Large companies and MNCs can also create alliances to control resources.

Question 252

How did the agricultural revolution change society.

Answer 252

The agricultural revolution started 6,000 years ago with the advent of the plow in Mesopotamia. A plow drawn by animals made large scale farming possible and replaced hunting-gathering and planting by hand. Communities formed around arable land, which started the formation of societies. Societies became dependent on a few crops and were subject to weather vagaries. Trading livestock and agri surplus led to the growth of commerce and trading/trade routes.

Question 253

How do humans modify their surroundings for their own needs.

Answer 253

a. Clearing ground for crops. b. Redirecting waterways for irrigation. c. Building permanent settlements. d. Side effects of pollution, erosion, and waste can damage the environment. e. Many countries are trying to lessen the impact of humans by passing environmental policy.

Question 254

Biodiversity

Answer 254

Biodiversity refers to various habitats on the planet and the organisms that exist there. Greater biodiversity makes it more likely that a habitat and its inhabitants will flourish. Climate change, human intervention, and other factors can reduce biodiversity and cause the extinction of some species.

Question 255

Alliance

Answer 255

``` An alliance is formed among countries with similar interests, political goals, cultural values, or military issues. There are six existing alliances: 1. NATO 2. Common Market 3. EU 4. Caribbean Community 5. UN 6. Council of Arab Economic Unity c. Large companies and MNCs can also create alliances to control resources. ```

Question 256

How did the agricultural revolution change society

Answer 256

The agricultural revolution started 6,000 years ago with the advent of the plow in Mesopotamia. A plow drawn by animals made large scale farming possible and replaced hunting-gathering and planting by hand. Communities formed around arable land, which started the formation of societies. Societies became dependent on a few crops and were subject to weather vagaries. Trading livestock and agri surplus led to the growth of commerce and trading/trade routes.

Question 257

How do humans modify their surroundings for their own needs

Answer 257

a. Clearing ground for crops. b. Redirecting waterways for irrigation. c. Building permanent settlements. d. Side effects of pollution, erosion, and waste can damage the environment. e. Many countries are trying to lessen the impact of humans by passing environmental policy.

Question 258

Ecology

Answer 258

a. The study of the way living creatures interact with their environment. Biogeography is the way that physical features of the earth affect creatures. b. Ecology bases its studies on three levels of the environment: 1. Ecosystem - a physical environment and all the organisms that live there 2. Biomes - a group of ecosystems with similar flora, fauna, climate and soil 3. Habitat - an area where a specific species lives. It includes the necessary soil, water, and resources for that species.

Question 259

Three different interactions that occur between species in the same habitat

Answer 259

a. Competition - when species compete for resources b. Predation - when one species depends on another as a food source c. Symbiosis - when two species exist in the same habitat without affecting each other or even developing beneficial relationships

Question 260

What human systems determine the cultural makeup of South Asia

Answer 260

a. Rural versus urban life. b. Religions, including both Hinduism and Buddhism. c. Poor government and social systems. d. Large agricultural base. e. Prosperity is being found in the high tech industries.

Question 261

What is the geography and climate of Latin America

Answer 261

a. Geography consists of mountains, plains, and high altitude plateaus. b. Numerous natural resources untapped due to political issues, geographic barriers, and lack of sufficient economic power. c. Climate zones in LA are largely tropical, with rainforests and savannahs.

Question 262

What is the geography and climate of East Asia

Answer 262

a. Mineral resources are plentiful but not evenly distributed. b. Coastlines are long, with a large population, but sparse farmlands, making oceans a major source of sustenance. c. Large area that encompasses several climate regions. Ocean currents provide milder climates, while monsoons provide the majority of rainfall. Typhoons are common, as are earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis.

Question 263

How does human interaction and conflict affect geographical boundaries.

Answer 263

a. The interaction of human societies have led to divisions of territories into countries and other subdivisions. While they are artificial, they are important to the discussion of interactions of populations. b. Geographical divisions occur through conflict. The reasons for conflict: 1. Control of resources 2. Control of trade routes 3. Control of populations c. Conflict can also occur due to religious, political, race or language differences.

Question 264

What human systems shape and influence culture in Southern Africa.

Answer 264

a. Inhabitants are unevenly distributed due to geographical limitations b. AIDS has become a major plague due to beliefs that prevent education about the disease, as well as extreme poverty and unsettled political situations that make it impossible to manage the pandemic. c. Diverse population due to extensive migration. d. Many still rely on subsistence farming. e. Starvation and poverty are rampant due to drought and political instability f. Industrialization is starting in areas with greater resources

Question 265

Geography and Climate of North America.

Answer 265

a. Mountain ranges, fertile plains, lakes and waterways. b. Climate consists of four seasons in median areas, tropical climates in the south, and arctic climates in the north. c. Human intervention has greatly influenced the productivity of agriculture

Question 266

Geography and Climate of South Asia.

Answer 266

a. The longest alluvial plain (plain caused by shifting floodplains of rivers) b. Three major river systems c. Large deposits of minerals including iron ore d. Geography consists of mountains, plains, plateaus, and islands e. Climate ranges from tropical to highlands to desert areas. f. Monsoon winds cause long rainy seasons

Question 267

Define erosion, weathering, transportation and deposition.

Answer 267

a. Erosion - movement of loose material (soil, sand, or rock) 1. Caused by wind, water, ice, plant cover, or human factors 2. Mechanical erosion is caused by natural forces. 3. Chemical erosion is caused by human intervention or activities b. Weathering - when atmospheric elements affect the earths surface c. Transportation - loose material being moved by wind, water, or ice d. Deposition - the result of the transportation

Question 268

Human systems that have shaped North Africa, Southwest and Central Asia

Answer 268

a. Largely desert climate forcing most populations to develop around water sources b. Most areas were parceled out as European colonies after thousands of years of being huge independent civilizations c. The 20th century saw many of these countries gain their independence d. Islam served as the unifying force in many of these areas e. Agriculture is the big business, but the most valuable resource is oil f. Centuries of conflict has led to political instability, which contribute to the environmental issues

Question 269

Human-environment Interaction

Answer 269

Geography studies the way people interact, use, and change their environment. This study can help determine the best course of action when a nation or group wants to change their environment. Study of consequences can help determine if these actions are manageable and if negative results can be mitigated.

Question 270

Geography and Climate of Southern Africa

Answer 270

a. High elevations south of the Sahara make it difficult for travel or settlement. b. The area is dominated by a series of plateaus, but also mountains and a large rift valley in the east. c. Lakes, rivers, and waterfalls contrast the desert, and tropical climates, including rain forests exist, as do savannahs and steppes. d. Main natural resources are minerals (gems) and water.

Question 271

Three types of plate boundaries

Answer 271

a. Convergent - plates move toward one another. 1. When they collide, they can form mountains. 2. When one goes under another, this can lead to volcanic activity (subduction) b. Divergent - plates move away from one another. The movements leads to rifts. c. Transform - plates slide in opposite directions against each other, leading to earthquakes.

Question 272

Human systems that have shaped Russia

Answer 272

a. Conflicts led to the formation of the Communist state. b. With collapse in 1991 of the USSR, it has struggled to transition to a market economy c. Attempts to build a workable system have destroyed natural resources, and resulted in nuclear issues such as Chernobyl. d. Needs to improve transportation and communication systems e. Population is not evenly distributed, with 75% living west of the Ural Mountains. f. Russia encompasses over a hundred different ethnic groups.

Question 273

Human systems that have developed the culture of Australia, Oceana, and Antarctica

Answer 273

a. South Pacific cultures migrated from SE Asia, creating hunter-gatherer or settled agriculture settlements. b. European communities came later, seeking natural resources. c. Some islands remain under the control of foreign governments. d. The culture of these islands remain a mix of modern, industrialized, and indigenous culture. 42/70 e. Population is unevenly distributed due to the deserts of Australia.

Question 274

Geography and Climate of North Africa, SW and Central Asia

Answer 274

a. Complex area consisting of seas, peninsulas, rivers and mountains. b. Earthquakes are common. c. Much of the worlds oil lies in this region. d. The tendency of large rivers in N. Africa to follow a set pattern led people to settle there from prehistoric times. Technology has allowed people to tame the river, making it more predictable and the land more productive. e. The arid nature of this area has led to human intervention such as irrigation to increase agricultural production.

Question 275

Human systems that influenced Europe

Answer 275

a. Wide variety of cultures, ethnic groups, resources, geographical features and climates, have all influenced the distribution of the varied population. b. It is industrialized and developed, with cultural differences giving each country its own characteristics. c. Greek, Roman, and Christian beliefs played a major role in shaping Europe. d. European countries spread their systems of belief throughout the world through migration and colonization, and have had major influence on every other continent in the world. e. Western Europe is democratic, while Eastern Europe functioned under communism for many years. f. The formation of the EU has increased stability and diplomatic relations among European nations. g. Europe is now focusing on environmental issues.

Question 276

Geography and Climate of Europe

Answer 276

a. East and south are mountain ranges, while the north is primarily plains. b. The coastline and island nature mean the climate is often warmer than other lands in similar latitudes. c. Many areas have a moderate climate, while the south is dominated by the Mediterranean climate. d. Europe has high levels of natural resources. e. Waterways connect the inner regions to the coast. f. Much of Europe is industrialized, and agriculture has existed for thousands of years.

Question 277

Human systems that have influence SE Asia

Answer 277

a. Colonized by European countries during the 18th and 19th century. b. Heavily influenced by Buddhist and Muslim religions. c. Industrialization is growing, with large populations moving from rural to urban areas d. Natural disasters are common, to include volcanoes, typhoons, and flash flooding, causing extensive damage and cultural disruption.

Question 278

Geography and Climate of Russia

Answer 278

a. Russia is the largest country in the world, encompassing plains, plateaus, mountains and tundra. b. Russia has a harsh climate, with frozen rivers making transportation of mineral resources difficult. c. Siberia is dominated by permafrost, with the people who reside there still living a huntinggathering existence. d. Other areas include taiga with dense woods in the north central, and temperate steppes and grasslands in the southwest.

Question 279

Geography and climate of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica

Answer 279

a. Australia is the only island on earth that is also a continent. b. Australia has extensive deserts, lowlands, and mountains. c. The economy is driven by agriculture d. Steppes are arid and suitable for livestock, only the coastal areas produce enough rain for crops without using irrigation. e. Oceania refers to thousands of Pacific islands formed by volcanic activity. f. Most islands have tropical climates with wet and dry seasons. g. New Zealand has rich forests and mountain ranges with moderate temps, including rainfall throughout the year. h. Antarctica is covered with ice. Its resource is scientific information. It supports some wildlife and little vegetation.

Question 280

The human systems that shaped Latin America

Answer 280

a. The majority of countries in LA speak Spanish or Portuguese. b. LA shares a common history, having been dominated by native cultures before being conquered by European countries. c. Wide disparity between various countries economic and political factors. d. Most LA countries rely on one or two exports, primarily agriculture which is often controlled by rich families. e. Most LA societies feature major separations between classes. f. Challenges faced include geographical limitations, economic issues, sustainable development, and preserving the existing rain forest.

Question 281

The human systems that shaped the culture of East Asia

Answer 281

a. Governments vary, ranging from democratic to communist. b. Isolationism limited the countries contact with other nations. c. The population consists of 1.5 billion people unevenly distributed with widely diverse ethnic backgrounds, religions, and languages. d. More residents live in urban areas than rural, creating a shortfall in farming and agriculture. e. Japan is the most industrialized country. f. Some countries are suffering from major environmental issues. g. Japan has some of the strictest environmental laws in the world.

Question 282

Geography and climate of SE Asia

Answer 282

a. Lies predominantly on the equator, with half being island nations. b. The islands feature mountains that considered part of the ring of fire. c. SE Asia boasts many rivers as well as abundant natural resources, including gems, fossil fuels, and minerals. d. There are two seasons: wet and dry. The wet season arrives with monsoons. e. SE Asia is primarily a tropical rainforest climate and tropical savannahs

Question 283

Describe climates as they are divided according to latitude

Answer 283

a. Low latitude, from 0 to 23.5 degrees Desert - hot, dry climate, sparse rainfall, 50+ degree temp flux Savannah - experience dry winters and wet summers. Rainforest - experience high temperatures, humidity, and rainfall b. Middle latitude, from 23.5 to 66.5 c. High latitude, from 66.5 to the poles

Question 284

Human systems that form the basis of culture in North America

Answer 284

a. Formed from groups of native races and a large number of immigrants. b. Functioned for a period under British rule. c. US broke from Britain through violence, while Canada did through diplomacy. d. Agriculture is important, and technology and service industries play a large part in the economy. e. Supports a high standard of living and development, and supports trade throughout the world.

Question 285

What is the difference between weather and climate

Answer 285

a. Weather and climate are physical systems that affect geography. b. Weather involves daily conditions in the atmosphere temperature, et al. It is short term. c. Climate is seasonal weather conditions measured over a long period of time. Accounts for average monthly and yearly temps and precipitation.

Question 286

Human systems that geographers incorporate into study of the earth

Answer 286

a. Human systems affect geography in the way they settle, form groups that grow into habitations, and create permanent changes in the landscape. b. Track peoples movement, and how they c. Migration, war, forced relocation, and trade spread cultural ideas, language, goods and other practices. d. Can lead to various conflicts or alliances to control resources.

Question 287

Differences between cities in various areas of the world

Answer 287

a. Area available, culture, and economic forces dictate how cities develop b. North American cities tend to be large and spread out. c. European cities tend to have better transportation systems. d. Latin Americans who are wealthy tend to live in city centers. e. In lesser developed countries, transportation and communication between cities is less developed, though mobile phone usage is bridging this gap.

Question 288

Factors that affect climate

Answer 288

a. The earth is tilted which causes changes to come in seasons, making locations nearest the poles and close to the equator experience little change b. Large bodies of water affect climate. c. Ocean currents and wind patterns can change causing typically cold climates to a much more temperate one, such as England. d. Mountains affect short and long term climates. Some deserts are created due to the formation of mountain ranges that block precipitation. e. It is theorized that human activity can also lead to climate change.

Question 289

The importance, composition, and structure of cities around the world

Answer 289

a. Cities grow as the area develops. b. Half of the world's population lives in cities, with even higher percentages in developed areas. c. Cites are growing more quickly in developing countries, however even established cities continue to grow. d. As cities grow, they grow into each other, forming a megalopolis.

Question 290

Define vertical climate, and name the two major climates found in high latitudes

Answer 290

a. A vertical climate exists in high mountain ranges. Increasing elevation leads to varying temps, conditions, vegetation, animals, and human habitations. b. The two major climates found in high elevations: Tundra - Ground is frozen throughout a long winter, and becomes a wet and marshy plain during the summer. Weather not amenable to crops, but many plants and animals have adapted to the conditions. Taigas - lie south of Tundras and include the largest forest areas in the world. Large mineral deposits are found here, as well as animals valued for their fur. Taigas are colder than tundras, and hotter in the summer.

Question 291

How do communities develop and what elements are needed to support them

Answer 291

a. People form groups with others who are similar to them. They typically share values, a common language, and similar cultural and religious beliefs. b. These elements are needed for a community to develop: 1. Easy access to resources such as food and water 2. Ability to transport raw materials and goods 3. Room to house a sufficient work force

Question 292

Describe humid continental, marine, steppe, and desert climates

Answer 292

a. Humid continental climate produces four seasons, with cold winters and hot and humid summers. Productive farmland is found in this region. b. Marine climates are found near water or on islands. Ocean winds make these areas mild and rainy, making summers and winters mild. c. Steppes are prairie climates found far inland on large continents. Summers are hot and winters are cold, rainfall is sparse. d. Desert climates occur when steppe climates receive less rainfall.

Question 293

The six climates found in the middle latitude and the Mediterranean and subtropical

Answer 293

a. Six climates: 1. Mediterranean 2. Humid subtropical 3. Humid continental 4. Marine 5. Steppe 6. Desert b. Mediterranean occurs between 30-40 degrees latitude, has a year long growing season, with hot/dry summers followed by mild winters with sparse rainfall c. Humid subtropical are located on the SE coastal areas. Winds that blow over warm ocean currents produce long summers, mild winters, and long growing seasons. Highly productive, and support a large part of earths pop.

Question 294

Four types of map projections used today

Answer 294

a. Winkel triple - most common and is the standard since it balances size and shape and reduces distortion b. Robinson - east and west are less distorted but continental shapes are inaccurate c. Goodes interrupted equal area - size and shapes are accurate but distance is not. d. Mercator - distortion is high in areas farther away from the equator. Commonly used by seafarers.

Question 295

Define features of mountains, hills, plains and valleys

Answer 295

a. Mountains - 2,000 feet or more above sea level, steep and rugged, usually occur in chains or ranges. Six of seven continents have at least one. b. Hills - 500-2,000 feet above sea level. Rounded and found everywhere. c. Plains - large flat areas usually very fertile. Most crops are grown here. d. Valleys - lie between hills and mountains. Vary from fertile to rugged.

Question 296

Relief map

Answer 296

Designed to show details of various elevations across a map. Elevations are represented by different colors, and often show ruggedness or smoothness of an area. Elevation can be represented by contour lines or textures.

Question 297

How is human population analyzed

Answer 297

a. Distribution of population. b. Industrial areas. c. Transportation d. Map out everything, schools, factories, etc, to show how things are distributed. e. Distribution of towns themselves, from rural to Megalopolis.

Question 298

Three important ancient geographers

Answer 298

a. Eratosthenes - ancient Greek who mathematically calculated the circumference of the earth. b. Strabo - wrote a description of the ancient world called Geographica (17 volumes). c. Ptolemy - astronomer and mapmaker. His skills contributed to the overall knowledge of the earths geography.

Question 299

Conformal map

Answer 299

Present land masses and the reaction of proper shapes, but these maps are often distorted a. Equal area - the proportional size of various areas are accurate. b. Conformal - focuses on the correct shape with less concern for size.

Question 300

Four divisions of geographical study

Answer 300

a. Topical - the study of a single feature of the earth or one human activity that occurs world-wide. b. Physical - physical features of the earth, how they are created, and forces that change them, and how they affect human activities. c. Regional - specific characteristics of individual places and regions. d. Human - how human activity affects the environment. Includes political, historical, social and cultural activities. e. Tools used to study geography include maps, field studies, interviews, math, and other scientific instruments.

Question 301

Five major elements of a map

Answer 301

a. Title - basic information about the map, such as the area it represents b. Legend - aka the key, it explains the symbols on a map c. Grid - latitude and longitude marks d. Direction - compass rose used to indicate cardinal direction e. Scale - the relation of distance on a map to actual distance on the ground

Question 302

Physical Geography

Answer 302

Physical - the study of the physical characteristics of the earth, how they form, how they relate, and how they are changed. It includes climate, land, water, and how they affect human populations. cultural geography.study of how physical geography affects individual cultures, and how cultures affect their geographical location.

Question 303

Three major ideas of the Enlightenment and the philosophers who developed them

Answer 303

A focus on ethics, logic, and observation drove philosophers instead of past belief system, particularly those of the church. Major players: 1. Rene Descartes - I think therefore I am. Believed strongly in empirical observation. 2. David Hume - pioneered empiricism and skepticism, believing truth could only be found through experience. 3. Immanuel Kant - believed in self examination and observation, and that the root of morality lies within humans. 4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - developed the idea of the social contract, where government existed at the will of the people, and when the government no longer served the people, it must be replaced. Greatly influenced by John Locke.

Question 304

Define the two phases of the Reformation

Answer 304

a. The Protestant Revolution - rose in Germany when Martin Luther protested abuses of the Catholic church. John Calvin led the movement in Switzerland, while Henry VIII used it to further political goals in England. b. The Catholic Reformation - as a response to the Protestant Revolution, leading to changes in the church. Provided wider tolerance of other religions, while some increased persecution of deemed heretics.

Question 305

Major developments of the Scientific Revolution

Answer 305

a. Church governed scientific belief. b. During the revolution, scientists amassed evidence that challenged the church's doctrine. c. Scientists who brought about the Revolution: 1. Nicolaus Copernicus - argued that the earth revolved around the sun in "Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres". 2. Tycho Brahe - catalogued astronomical observations. 3. Johannes Kepler - developed Laws of Planetary Motions. 4. Galileo Galilei - defended the theories of Kepler and Copernicus, discovered four moons of Jupiter, and died under house arrest. 5. Isaac Newton - discovered gravity, studied optics, calculus, and physics, believed the workings of nature could be studied through observation.

Question 306

Major political, social, and economic side effects of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 306

a. Political - led to widespread education and development of mass communication in the political arena. b. Economic - conflicts arose between companies and employees, demanding fair wages and treatment. Led to the advent of unions who gained power and became active. Increased gov regulation, but businesses fought back arguing free enterprise. c. Social - Populations increased around centers of industry. Cities became larger and more densely populated. Scientific advancement led to more efficient agriculture, greater supply of goods, increased knowledge of medicine and sanitation, leading to better overall health.

Question 307

First and second phases of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 307

a. First phase - 1750-1830. Textile industry experienced major changes as more elements of the process became mechanized. Mining benefitted from the steam engine, and transportation became easier with the use of waterways and railroad. b. Second phase - 1830-1910. Industries became more efficient and new industries were introduced such as photography, chemical processes, and electricity became available to produce new goods or improve older goods. Petroleum and hydroelectric became major sources of power.

Question 308

How did WWII lead to the Cold War

Answer 308

a. WWII left Europe in disarray with cities destroyed and 12M killed. b. Communist gov. moved in with a promise of prosperity and economic stability. The Soviet Union backed communist gov. in E. Europe. c. In China, Mao Zedong led communist forces to overthrow the Chinese Nationalist Party. d. Communist gov restored a measure of stability, but brought dictatorships and oppressive police forces. e. The spread of communism brought tensions to the west as democracies tried to stop the spread of communism. f. With the possession of nuclear weapons by both sides, tensions rose, as both feared the other would attack. g. The standoff lasted until 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell. The Soviet Union dissolved two years later under Mikhail Gorbachev.

Question 309

What caused the Korean War

Answer 309

a. Japan controlled Korea from 1910 to 1945, when US and Soviet troops occupied the country. b. In 1947, the UN ordered elections to unify the country, but the USSR would not allow it, and set up a Communist gov in the North. c. In 1950, US withdrew its troops, and the N. Korean troops invaded the south. d. The Korean war was the first in which the UN, and any international organization, played a role in the war. e. The war ended in a truce in 1953, and the country remains divided.

Question 310

Summarize the events of WWI in Europe

Answer 310

a. WWI began in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian national, leading to a war with Serbia that quickly escalated. b. Europe split into the Allies (Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan and the US) against the Central Powers (Austria, Germany, and Turkey). c. The war left Europe deeply in debt, and devastated the German economy. The ensuing Great Depression made matters worse as economic devastation opened the door for Communist, Socialist, and Fascist leaders to gain power.

Question 311

German Blitzkrieg

Answer 311

a. Meaning lightening war, consisted of fast and powerful surprise attacks that rendered retaliation difficult and demoralized its foes. b. The Battle of Britain brought intense air raids that targeted British air force bases. After two years the Royal Air Force finally stopped the Luftwaffe, ending Germany's hopes for conquering Britain.

Question 312

The importance of the Battle of the Bulge

Answer 312

a. Following the invasion of Normandy, Allied forces began a push through Europe, gaining considerable ground. b. In December of 1944, Hitler launched a counteroffensive trying to retake Antwerp. It was the largest land battle of the Western Front, and came to be known as the Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes). c. The battle lasted until 28 January 1945, when the Germans were pushed back after successfully making inroads to the Allied front. Heavy losses to both sides, but weakened Germany more.

Question 313

The conditions that led to the rise of the Nazi Party

Answer 313

a. The Great Depression after the US was no longer able to supply reconstruction loans to Germany. b. Rapid rise in unemployment. c. Fascist parties rose on promises of change and improvement d. Led by Adolf Hitler, he launched numerous expansionist policies, violated peace treaties, and built up his military and started conquering neighbor states, which sparked WWII.

Question 314

What were the results of the Holocaust and the actions by the UN

Answer 314

a. Massive loss of human life and culture by the Jewish and Gypsy cultures. b. The UN recognized genocide as a crime against humanity, and passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in order to specify what rights the organization protected. c. Nazi war criminals faced justice during the Nuremberg Trials, where individuals rather than the government were held accountable.

Question 315

What is trench warfare

Answer 315

a. Fighting during WWI was primarily done in trenches along the Eastern and Western fronts. The trenches added up to 24,000 miles, with each side digging about 12,000 miles of trench. b. Fronts extended nearly 400 miles, from Belgium to Switzerland. c. Allies used open air trenches, while the Germans were well equipped with underground living quarters.

Question 316

Discuss the cause and progression of the Russian Revolution

Answer 316

a. Rule was in the hands of Czars and the structure was feudal. Beneath Czars were rich nobles whose land was worked by peasants and serfs. b. The Russo-Japanese War made conditions worse for lower classes. When peasants protested at the palace, palace guard opened fire on the crowd. c. Trade unions organized strikes, bringing the economy to a halt. d. After the economy stopped, Czar Nicholas signed the October Manifesto, which established a constitutional monarchy and gave power to parliament. He violated the manifesto shortly thereafter, disbanding parliament and violating civil liberties. This led to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

Question 317

What led to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

Answer 317

a. Russia lagged behind other countries in development. The continued existence of feudal system, harsh conditions, and the size of the country led to massive food shortages for the majority of the population. b. The tyrannical rule of Czar Nicholas made it worse as did military losses. c. Increasing poverty, decreasing resources, and the violation of the October Manifesto led to the revolution.

Question 318

Major events of the Bolshevik Revolution

Answer 318

a. A workers strike in Petrograd in 1917 where the Army sided with the workers. b. Parliament set up a government made up of nobles, while workers and military joined forces to form their own government known as soviets. c. Ensuing chaos led to formerly exiled leaders Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Leon Trotsky to move in and gain power and support. d. Lenin et al overthrew parliament and created the communist state of Russia. This led to the spread of communism throughout eastern Europe.

Question 319

Contrast Communism and Socialism

Answer 319

a. Communism draws on class warfare and overthrow of upper classes and the capitalistic systems. b. Socialism uses democratic procedures building on the existing order. c. Between wars, communism took hold. After WWII, democratic socialism became more common. Soon after, capitalism took an even stronger hold. d. Today most industrialized countries practice a mix of the elements of socialism and capitalism.

Question 320

What is the origin of the UN

Answer 320

a. Came into being at the end of WWII as a successor to the League of Nations. b. Worked to bring countries together for diplomatic solutions to international problems. c. It has initiated military action, calling for peacekeeping troops to move against countries violating UN policies.

Question 321

Three occurrences of genocide in modern history (other than the Holocaust)

Answer 321

a. Armenian - Young Turks, heirs to the Ottomans, slaughtered 1M Armenians from 1915-1917. b. Russian Purges - Stalin policies and edicts killed between 3-60M people from 1921-1953. c. Rwandan - the Hutu killed hundreds of thousands of Tutsi and Hutu sympathizers during the revolution. UN did not act or intervene.

Question 322

Middle East in International Relations and economics

Answer 322

a. Due to its centralized location and preponderance of oil the ME is important in both diplomatic and economic circles. b. Because of its location, it has always been a hotbed for violence since the beginning of recorded history. c. Conflicts over land, resources, religious and political power continue today, spurred by vast oil reserves.

Question 323

Globalism

Answer 323

a. All people and all nations are interdependent. b. Ease of international travel and communication has heightened the sense of interdependence. c. Many of todays issues, including environmental awareness, economic struggles, and warfare require the cooperation of many countries to deal with effectively.

Question 324

Nationalism and how it affected society in the 18th and 19th centuries

Answer 324

a. A strong belief in or identification with, and allegiance to a particular nation and people. b. Unified areas that had previously been fragmented which led to patriotism and in some cases imperialism. c. As nations grew, they sought to bring in other nations with similar characteristics. A side effect of this expansion was often conflict or war. d. Imperialism led countries of Europe to spread their influence to Asia and Africa. Africa was divided among several European nations. All of Asia was under control of Europe except China, Japan, and Thailand. e. In the US, Manifest Destiny caused the country to expand to the west. f. Italy and Germany expanded into larger nations in Europe.

Question 325

How has globalization affected the ways countries interact

Answer 325

a. Countries seeking the same nonrenewable resources have experienced high demand, resulting in wild price fluctuations. b. Increased travel and communication abilities have helped to deal with disease, but also spreads the disease via travelers. c. The internet has allowed instantaneous access to anywhere on the globe, leading to interaction between far flung individuals and countries, increasing awareness of happenings all over the world.

Question 326

What ancient cultures existed in the Americas

Answer 326

a. Norte Chico - A Peruvian agriculture society of approx. 20 individual communities that existed over 5,000 years ago. Oldest in the Americas. b. Anasazi - Ancient Pueblo people of the SW US, emerging about 1200 BCE, built complex adobe dwellings. c. Maya - emerged in S. Mexico around 2600 BCE. They developed a written language and complex calendar.

Question 327

Harpers Ferry and John Brown

Answer 327

a. John Brown - an abolitionist who was active in anti-slavery actions prior to the civil war. Was notorious for killing five pro-slavery men after Lawrence, KS, was sacked, and for seizing the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry. b. Harper's Ferry - a federal arsenal that contained guns and ammunition. Brown intended to lead a slave revolt with the seized weapons, but was captured by Robert E. Lee, along with 22 accomplices, and hanged.

Question 328

Define the goals of reconstruction and the Freedmen's Bureau

Answer 328

a. In 1866, Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts, putting the southern states under military control to bring order from chaos that was the aftermath of the Civil War. It was an attempt to ensure civil rights of freed slaves and bring the south back into the Union. b. The Freedmen's Bureau was formed to assist freed slaves to help them become selfsufficient, and to give whites assistance with basic necessities like food and clothing.

Question 329

Jacksonian Democracy, and how "null and void" challenged his presidency

Answer 329

a. Seen as a shift from favoring the wealthy to the common man. 1. All white males were allowed to vote, not just land owners. 2. Favored the patronage system 3. Laissez faire economics 4. Relocation of indian tribes from the SE 5. Opposed formation of the Federal bank 6. Allowed the Second Band of the US to collapse through veto b. Null and Void was a challenge where South Carolina claimed it could ignore or nullify any law it felt was unconstitutional. Jackson sent federal troops to SC to enforce the tariff laws, and Henry Clay engineered a compromise in 1833.

Question 330

Discuss the early labor movements in the 1800s

Answer 330

a. In 1751, a group of bakers protested by not baking bread; this was technically the first American labor strike. b. Through the 1830s and 40s, labor movements took hold, led by Boston's masons, carpenters, and stoneworkers who protested the length of the work day. c. In 1844, a group of women in textile protested the work day, forming the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association.

Question 331

What was the Dred Scott Decision

Answer 331

a. Dred Scott was a slave who was taken from MO to Illinois then MN, before returning to MO where his owner died. It was argued in the Supreme Court that Scott was a free man since he had lived in free territory. b. The Supreme Court stated that Scott was not a US citizen and his time in the free states did not change his status. They also stated that he did not have the right to sue, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional by outlawing slavery in the territories.

Question 332

The Second Great Awakening

Answer 332

a. Occurred between 1800-1830, led by Protestant evangelists who were focused on personal responsibility, both as an individual and in response to suffering and injustice. b. Another movement associated with the SGA was the temperance movement focused on ending the production and use of alcohol. C. Several missionary groups and new denominations arose, including the American Home Missionary Society, Latter Day Saints, and Seventh Day Adventists.

Question 333

The Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 333

a. John Adams, President and federalist, backed England in a war with France. Jefferson and the Republicans backed France. The US nearly went to war with France during this time period. b. The acts grew out of this conflict, making it illegal to speak in a hostile manner against the gov., also allowing the US to deport anyone 'not a citizen' who was convicted of these laws. c. When Jefferson was elected in 1800, he repealed the laws and pardoned people convicted under these laws.

Question 334

The Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Treaty of New Echota, and the US policy toward native Americans

Answer 334

a. The Act gave the gov. the ability to form treaties with native americans. In theory, the US would claim land east of the Mississippi, and the N.A. would claim land to the west. In reality, the N.A. were forced to sign treaties and were relocated by force. b. The treaty was between the US and Cherokee tribes of Georgia. It was not signed by tribal leaders, but a small portion of the Cherokee who were represented. When they refused to be moved, President Martin van Buren sent troops to forcibly relocate. 4,000 died on the Trail of Tears.

Question 335

The major military events of the War of 1812

Answer 335

a. Two naval battles on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain stopped the British from invading from Canada. American counter attempts to conquer Canadian lands were unsuccessful. b. Another battle occurred when the British invaded DC and burned the White House. The first lady, Dolly Madison, purportedly saved the flag. c. On Christmas Eve, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed ending the war. d. Unaware the war was over, Andrew Jackson managed another victory in New Orleans on Jan 8, 1815, leading to upped morale and nationalism that ushered in the Era of Good Feelings.

Question 336

Four major actions that improved agriculture during the 1800s

Answer 336

a. Formed the Dept of Agriculture in 1862, working in the interest of farmers b. The Morrill Land-Grant Acts passed in 1862, allowing land grants. c. The Hatch Act of 1887 set up experimental stations to help discover new farming techniques. d. The Smith-Level Act of 1914 est programs to educate people about food, home economics, community development, and agriculture.

Question 337

How did the Treaty of Paris affect native americans after the Revolution

Answer 337

a. The treaty granted large parcels of land to the US that were occupied by native americans. The US tried to claim the land as conquerors, which proved unenforceable. b. The gov attempted to purchase the land via a series of treaties that were not honored. Native americans were forced westward as the country expanded, often by military action.

Question 338

Why did the British want to prevent US trade with France

Answer 338

a. They saw the US as helping supply goods to France's war efforts with Britain. b. The US had grown into a British competitor, taking trade and money away from Britain. c. The British passed the Order in Council, which made French ports off limits to US ships. They also seized US ships and conscripted their crews.

Question 339

Gadsden Purchase and 1853 post-war treaty with Mexico

Answer 339

a. The second treaty with Mexico determined the US SW border extending all the way to the west coast. b. In 1854, the Gadsden Purchase was finalized providing even more land for the transcontinental railroad. It added what would become CA, NV, UT, parts of NM, WY, CO and AZ, nearly finalizing the modern outline of the US.

Question 340

Name the players in the Federalist and Anti-Federalist camps.

Answer 340

a. Federalist leaders - Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. Wrote a series called the Federalist Papers aimed at convincing the states to ratify the constitution. b. Anti-Fed - Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry. Argued against ratification with the AntiFederalist Papers. c. Compromise consisted of a strong central gov., controlled by checks and balances. A bill of rights was added becoming the first 10 amendments to the constitution.

Question 341

McCulloch vs Maryland

Answer 341

The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank a. Maryland voted to tax any bank outside of MD that did business within the state. McCulloch, a federal bank employee, refused to pay the tax on behalf of the Second Bank of the US. b. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress could charter a national bank, and that Maryland did not have the right to tax the bank or the federal government. c. Established the precedent that when national and state governments collide, the Federal gov. would prevail.

Question 342

World War I Causes

Answer 342

a. Grew out of tension and conflict between France and Britain. b. Britain saw the US as backing the French since they continued trade with both countries, and Britain wanted to end the trade with France. c. Madison acted by saying whoever lifted trade restrictions, the US would not trade with the other; France lifted trade restrictions, and the US refused trade with Britain. d. Britain claimed the US was allied with France, and war ensued. e. The war established the supremacy of US Naval Forces and reestablished independence from Britain.

Question 343

Mexican-American War

Answer 343

a. Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836. b. In 1844, Dems pressed Pres. Tyler to annex Texas, and in 1845 Texas became a state. c. Mexico was deeply indebted to the US for its War of Independence. In exchange, the US would forgive the debt in exchange for NM and upper CA. Mexico refused. d. In 1846, war was declared after the Mexican army attacks US troops on the southern border of TX. The war ended in 1848. e. Conflict arose in Congress over the Wilmot Proviso, which stated that territories acquired from Mexico should be open to slavery.

Question 344

Three ideas that drove foreign policy in the early years of the country

Answer 344

a. Isolationism - the US had no intention of colonization, and would not grow beyond the boundaries of North America. b. No entangling alliances - Washington and Jefferson had no intention of forming permanent alliances or being involved in other countries issues. c. Nationalism - patriotic feeling blossomed after the War of 1812 and the Industrial Revolution allowed people to communicate via telegraph and travel via RR.

Question 345

Major provisions of the Commerce Compromise

Answer 345

a. Resulted from a disagreement between the north and south on whether the Federal government had the right to regulate trade and exports. The south was against it; the north for it. b. Congress received regulatory power over all tariffs on exported goods. c. The south was concerned about tariffs levied on slaves. d. The final agreement allowed importing of slaves for 20 years unregulated by the government. Taxes on slaves were limited. After 1808, Congress would then be allowed to decide whether to allow importation of slaves.

Question 346

The development of the Whig, Democratic, and Republican Party

Answer 346

a. Thomas Jefferson, an anti-Federalist, was elected President in 1800 and 1804, and Alexander Hamilton (leader of the Federalist) died in a duel with Aaron Burr, causing the decline of Federalist. By 1816, they virtually disappeared, leading to the creation of other parties. b. After 1824, there was a split in the Dem-Rep party. The Dems, in opposition to the new Whig party, who supported JQ Adams and industrial growth, got their candidate, Andrew Jackson, elected in 1828. c. By the 1850s, issues with slavery arose that led to the formation of the Rep party, which was anti-slavery. This division formed the basis of today's two party system.

Question 347

The motivations behind the Louisiana Purchase

Answer 347

a. With France waging war with Britain, Napoleon was in need of money. To secure funds, he decided to sell the Louisiana territory to the US for 15M. b. Pres Jefferson was wanting to buy New Orleans as the port made US trade vulnerable to Spain and France. c. The territory was larger than the entire rest of the US combined, and eventually added 15 states. d. Federalists were against it, saying expansion would increase slavery, and weaken the power of the North.

Question 348

The significance of Lewis and Clark expedition

Answer 348

a. Pres Jefferson wanted the US mapped out for the new Louisiana Purchase territory. He chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to head the expedition. b. After two years, Lewis and Clark returned, having traveled all the way to the Pacific. They brought maps and journals and other information about the expanse. c. Opened up the west for further exploration and settlement.

Question 349

What led to the development of political parties

Answer 349

a. Many were against political parties due to their experiences with Britain. b. Different opinions of Jefferson and Hamilton led to rise of parties, with Hamilton favoring a strong centralized gov., while Jefferson wanted power to rest with the states. c. As other members joined camps, they began to refer to themselves as Federalists (Hamilton) or Dem-Rep (Jefferson).

Question 350

Describe economic trends in different regions of the developing US

Answer 350

a. Northeast - depended on manufacturing industry and development. Led to a dichotomy of rich business owners and leaders and the poor workers. b. South - agriculture, specifically large scale plantations worked by slaves. c. West - as new settlements developed, the wild land consisted of mainly agriculture and raising of livestock

Question 351

French and Indian Wars

Answer 351

a. A series of wars between Britain and France, the last one being fought in North America that led to the decline of the French as a colonial power. b. The French had wide support of the colonists and native population, however lost to William Pitt and the British. c. The cost of the war eventually led to hardship and discontent and sparked the American Revolution.

Question 352

No taxation without representation

Answer 352

a. As new towns and legislative districts developed, colonists practiced representative government. Representatives were elected and represented male property owners in their dist. b. By contrast, the British parliament represented the entire country, not elected officials representing individual dist. c. When colonists complained, the British gov. did not understand what they meant when they said they had no representation in British gov.

Question 353

The significance of the Second Continental Congress

Answer 353

a. Met May 10, 1775, a month after Lexington and Concord, to discuss defense of the colonies, the growing war, local gov., and declaring independence from Britain. b. They established an Army, and on June 15, named George Washington as the Commander in Chief. c. By 1776 there was full scale war with Britain, and on July 4, drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Question 354

Proposed structure of the new government, as well as the Virginia Plan, the New Jersey Plan, and the Great Compromise

Answer 354

a. Required a strong central gov but with limited power. b. Branches should have balanced power with one no stronger than the other. c. Final power belonged to the citizens who voted officials into office. d. Virginia Plan - representation in Congress should be based on state population. e. New Jersey Plan - equal representation regardless of population f. Great Compromise - each state has two Senators, but the House is based on population, aka a bicameral Congress.

Question 355

Name the southern colonies and their attributes

Answer 355

The warm climate and rich soil led to long growing seasons. The economy of the south was thus agriculture, and was labor intensive. Crops included tobacco, rice, and indigo, cash crops owned by wealthy plantation owners. Labor on the farms came from slaves and indentured servants. The first slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619. Colonies: 1. Virginia - the first permanent English colony. 2. Maryland 3. North Carolina 4. South Carolina 5. Georgia - the last permanent English colony

Question 356

Three factors that led to discontent in the American colonies

Answer 356

a. Many colonists were born in the Americas, decreasing a sense of kinship with England. Their new environment led to new ideas about gov. b. Colonists were allowed to self-govern, but not control international issues. Their own government gave them a sense of independence from Britain, resenting the control the British exercised. c. Threats during the French-Indian War led colonists to call for unification to protect themselves

Question 357

Goals of the First Continental Congress

Answer 357

a. Met Sep 5, 1774, with a goal to achieve a peaceful agreement with Britain. b. Consisted of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies. c. Confirmed loyalty to Britain and the right of International affairs, however demanded repeal of the Intolerable Acts, and embargoed Britain until this came to pass. d. George III declared the colonies must submit or face military action, seeking to end assemblies opposing their policies. e. On April 19, 1775, the British military was ordered to disperse a meeting of the Massachusetts Assembly, where a battle ensued in Lexington as armed colonists resisted. f. The resulting battles of Lexington and Concord became the first battles of the American Revolution.

Question 358

How was the Constitution proposed and ratified

Answer 358

a. Delegates from 12 of 13 states met in Philadelphia in May 1787 intending to revise the Articles of Confederation, however it quickly became apparent that a simple resolution would not provide a workable gov structure. b. Vowing to keep the proceedings secret until it was done, the delegates drafted what would become the Constitution of the USA. By doing this in secret, they were able to draft the entire document to present to the country for ratification vice hammering every detail out in the general public.

Question 359

Name the Middle Atlantic Colonies and their economies

Answer 359

``` Middle Atlantic Colonies: 1. New York 2. New Jersey 3. Pennsylvania 4. Delaware Unlike the New England colonies that were English or Scottish, most middle colony founders were from countries like the Netherlands or Sweden. c. More fertile than New England, the Middle colonies produced crops of oats, rye, potatoes, wheat and barley. Some large farm owners were able to produce enough surplus to sell. ```

Question 360

Effects of new laws on British-Colonial relations following the French and Indian War

Answer 360

a. New laws enacted after 1763 required colonists to pay Britain. The English government felt this was fair as they (the Brits) had protected the colonists. The colonists considered it unfair and illegal. b. The development of local government gave colonists new ideas of governing. This made it difficult for the British government to understand why colonists protested the resolution to Englands financial problems.

Question 361

Four Coercive (Intolerable) Acts passed after the Boston Tea Party

Answer 361

1. Shut down ports in Boston until the city paid back the value of the tea destroyed. 2. Required local gov. officials in Mass be appointed by the governor and not elected by the people. 3. Allowed trials of British soldiers to be transferred to Britain. 4. Required locals to provide lodging for British soldiers at any time.

Question 362

Triangular Trade

Answer 362

a. Ships would set off from the colonies for Africa loaded with rum. b. In Africa, the rum was traded for gold or slaves. c. Ships would then set off for the west Indies. d. In the West Indies, slaves would be traded for sugar or molasses. e. The ships would then set off for the colonies with sugar and molasses to make more rum and store gold and silver as well. f. This trade violated the Molasses Act of 1733, which levied high duties on molasses bought from the French, Dutch, or Spanish.

Question 363

Tea Act and how it led to the Boston Tea Party

Answer 363

a. In 1773, Britain passed the Tea Act which allowed the East India Company to sell tea for much lower prices and allowed them to bypass American distributors, selling directly to shopkeepers. b. Colonial tea merchants saw this as a direct assault on their business. c. December of 1773, 150 merchants boarded ships in Boston Harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the sea in protest. d. This protest came to be known as the Boston Tea Party.

Question 364

Goals of the French, Spanish, Dutch, and British in colonization of the Americas

Answer 364

a. French - expanding fur trade. Later focused on plantations, which resulted in slaves being brought to the New World. b. Spanish - came looking for wealth in gold and converting natives to Christianity. Many other established large ranches. c. Dutch - expanding fur trade and importing slaves. d. Britain - Various goals. Some seeking additional income while others were fleeing religious persecution.

Question 365

What led to the Boston Massacre

Answer 365

a. Nine colonies met in New York to demand repeal of the Stamp Act, which resulted in protests in other cities, sometimes turning violent, and targeting ruling British officials. b. The Townshend Act of 1767 led to additional tensions, prompting the Brits to send troops to New York and Boston. c. On March 5, 1770, protestors taunted the troops with snowballs. The troops responded by firing into the crowd, killing five and wounding eight. d. Came to be known as the Boston massacre, prompting Britain to repeal most of the Townshend Acts.

Question 366

The origin and the basic ideas of the Declaration of Independence

Answer 366

a. Written by Thomas Jefferson and signed 4 July, 1776, stated that King George violated the rights of the colonists as a tyrant. b. Many of Jefferson's ideas of natural and property rights were shaped by the 17th century philosopher, John Locke. c. His assertion of the right of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness was a derivative of Locke's earlier statements. d. Both felt is was the responsibility of gov to protect individuals, but individual rights were more important than obligations to the state.

Question 367

Navigation Acts

Answer 367

a. An attempt by Britain in 1651 to dominate international trade, they banned foreign ships from transporting goods to the British colonies. b. While restrictions on trade angered some colonists, it actually helped the colonial economy, providing ships to Britains growing trade interests and using ships for their own trade ventures. c. By the end of the French and Indian Wars, one third of all British merchant ships were built in American colonies.

Question 368

Four Acts of the British parliament after the French and Indian Wars

Answer 368

a. Quartering Act (1765) - required colonists to house British troops. b. Sugar Act (1764) - tax molasses and sugar brought into the colonies, and the right to search homes if suspected of possessing these items. c. Stamp Act (1765) - taxed printed material such as newspapers and legal documents. Protests led to its repeal in 1766. d. The Townshend Acts (1767) - taxed paper, paint, lead and tea in the colonies.

Question 369

Five significant battles of the Revolutionary War

Answer 369

a. Lexington and Concord, April 1775 - considered the first engagement. b. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 1775 - bloodiest of the war. Although American troops withdrew, nearly half the British army was lost. c. Battle of Trenton, Dec 1776 - first colonial victory when George Washington and his troops crossed the Deleware on Christmas Day to surprise the British and Hessian troops. d. Battle of Saratoga, Sep 1777 - ended the British attempt to separate the north from the south, and forced the surrender of the British General John Burgoyne. This led to the French joining the war as colonial allies. e. Battle of Yorktown, Oct 19, 1781 - General Cornwallis surrendered after the defeat, ending the war.

Question 370

The major regional Native American groups

Answer 370

a. Algonquians - eastern US. Northern tribes lived on hunting and gathering, while those further south grew crops. b. Iroquois - east coast tribe, spoke a different language from Algonquians, lived in long rectangular houses. c. Plains tribes - lived between the Mississippi river and Rocky Mountains, were nomadic, living in teepees and following buffalo herds. Included the Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche and Blackfoot. d. Pueblo tribes - lived in the SW desert in homes made of stone or adobe. Domesticated animals and cultivated crops. Included the Zuni, Hope, and Acoma. e. Pacific Coast - Tlingit, Chinook, and Salish lived on fish, deer, berries and roots. Lived in large family groups and used totems. f. Far North - Aleuts and Inuit line in skin tents or igloos and were skilled fisherman, using kayaks or umiaks to hunt caribou, seals, whales and walrus.

Question 371

Age of Exploration

Answer 371

a. Aka the Age of Discovery, is generally considered to have lasted from the early 15th into the 17th century. b. Included major developments in navigation, mapmaking, and shipbuilding. Expanded European exploration of the rest of the world. c. Portugal, Spain, France and England sought new routes to Asia, which resulted in the discovery and colonization of India, Africa, and North America

Question 372

Technological advances in navigation and seafaring

Answer 372

a. Magnetic compass - used by Chinese navigators for some time before being used by European explorers. b. Astrolabe - came to European explorers from Arab navigators who refined the designs initially made by the Greeks. c. Caravel - a ship designed by the Portuguese in the 1400s that incorporated navigational advancements with the ability to make long sea journeys.

Question 373

Events leading up to the Spanish-American War

Answer 373

a. The US was interested in Cuba, and offered Spain 130M in 1853. b. 1886, slavery ended in Cuba and another revolt was rising against Spain. c. 1898 another Cuban revolt began, but the US President (McKinley) refused to recognize the rebellion, preferring negotiation with Spain. d. The Maine, a US Battleship, was blown up in the Havana Harbor, killing 300. War was declared two months later, and war ended four months after that in a Spanish surrender.

Question 374

Efforts to support WWI in the US

Answer 374

a. In 1917, Railroads were placed under gov control with regional directors, which increased efficiency domestically and in support of the military. Returned to private control in 1920. b. In 1918, telegraph, telephone, and cable service came under gov control, returning to private ownership the following year. c. The American Red Cross knitted clothes for both military members and refugees and surgical dressing. Over 8M people participated. d. To support the effort, the US sold Liberty Bonds. In four issues, the sold nearly 25B, purchased by nearly one fifth of all Americans.

Question 375

The Panic of 1893

Answer 375

a. An economic crisis that affected most of the globe. b. Caused primarily on flooding the market with silver, causing the price to drop; overspeculating on railroads, which caused many banks to fail; and in the end, a run on banks by individuals to cash in their investments. c. As a response, Pres Cleveland repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, afraid it had caused a downturn in the economy. d. Led to bankruptcy, railroads going under, and unemployment rising to 25%. e. Gave the Republican party an opening to regain power.

Question 376

Growth of the labor movement in the 19th century

Answer 376

a. Pullman Strike, 1864 - Workers, led by Eugene Debs, struck against the Pullman Palace Car Co, after they cut wages by 28 percent. Pres Cleveland called in troops to break up the strike, saying it affected mail delivery. b. The Homestead Strike, 1892 - first large, well organized strike, when the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck against Carnegie Steel. Gunfire ensued, and Carnegie was able to eliminate the plants union. c. Children's Crusade, 1902 - Mary Harris Jones, aka Mother Jones, organized a march to the home of Pres Roosevelt protesting child labor. She also worked with the United Mine Workers and helped found the Industrial Workers of the World.

Question 377

Government dealings with Native Americans through the end of the 19th century

Answer 377

a. Americas westward expansion caused conflict and violence with Native Americans, such as the Battle of Little Bighorn. b. In 1876 the gov. ordered all Native Americans to relocate to reservations. c. Lack of compliance led to the Dawes Act in 1887, which ordered assimilation vice separation. d. Reformers forced native children into boarding schools where they were not allowed to speak their native tongue and accept Christianity. e. In 1890, the massacre at Wounded Knee accompanied by Geronimo's surrender, led Native Americans to work to preserve their cultures vice fight for their lands.

Question 378

Woodrow Wilson's approach to International diplomacy

Answer 378

a. His referred to his foreign policy as moral diplomacy, which still influences American foreign policy today. He felt that democracy in all countries would lead to worldwide stability, and would be less likely to threaten American interests. b. Saw the US and Britain as role models, as well as champions of peace and selfgovernment. Free trade and international commerce would allow the US to speak out regarding world events. c. Main elements of Wilson's policies: 1. Maintain a strong military 2. Promoting democracy throughout the world 3. Expanding international trade to boost American economy

Question 379

The importance of the transcontinental railroad

Answer 379

a. In 1869, the Union Pacific completed the first section from Omaha, NE, to Sacramento, CA. b. Products were more easily transported across the country. c. It proved positive overall to industry, but detrimental to small family farms, who paid high shipping costs while large companies received large discounts. d. 90% of the workers building the RR were Chinese, working in dangerous conditions for very low pay.

Question 380

What led to the founding of the Populist party

Answer 380

a. Recession struck the US in the 1890s, with crop prices falling and compounded by drought, the farmers formed the Farmers Alliance, bring the poor indebted farmers into one single political entity. b. Recession also struck the industrial parts of the country. The Knights of Labor was able to unite workers into a union to protect their rights. c. The two parties joined forces to form the Populist Party. Their platform included: 1. National currency 2. Income tax 3. Government ownership of railroads, telegraph and telephone 4. Secret ballot voting 5. Immigration restrictions 6. Term limits for Pres and V. Pres.

Question 381

Describe William Howard Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy".

Answer 381

a. It was Taft's attempt to influence Latin America and Asia through economic rather than military means. His justification was to protect the Panama Canal, which was vital to US trade interests. b. Despite assurances that his approach was peaceful, the US still used troops to crush revolts, such as those in Nicaragua.

Question 382

Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy

Answer 382

a. Roosevelt famously quoted a purported African proverb that said "speak softly, but carry a big stick", using this saying to justify his expanded involvement in foreign affairs. He felt that it was the US' responsibility to intervene if countries were left vulnerable to European influence. b. A result of his philosophy was an expanded Navy, and greater involvement in foreign affairs. He made several forays into Latin America and the Caribbean in the time leading up to the world wars.

Question 383

Industrial activity before and after 1800, as well as inventions that changed industry at that time

Answer 383

a. During the 1700s, goods were made in small houses or shops. In the 1800s, the focus shifted to factories that were capable of producing goods on a large scale. b. Americans and immigrants found jobs in these factories, which were in constant need of labor. c. One of the major inventions was the cotton gin, which decreased the processing time of cotton, and led to the rapid expansion of cotton production in the south.

Question 384

Kansas-Nebraska Act trigger additional conflict between free and slave states

Answer 384

a. With the creation of the two territories, debate rose over slavery. The Missouri Compromise had already outlawed slavery in new territories, even though Congress tended to allow popular sovereignty. b. Two governments arose in Kansas due to the conflict, one pro and one anti slavery. Conflict rose to violence, leading to Kansas being nicknamed "Bleeding Kansas".

Question 385

Six major events of the Civil War

Answer 385

a. Battle of Bull Run, 21 July, 1861 - the first land battle of the war. Union forces were defeated and set the stage for a long and costly war. b. Capture of Fort Henry, Feb 1862 - the first major Union victory. c. Battle of Gettysburg, 1-3 July 1863 - turning point of the war, saw the largest number of casualties (50,000), and Robert E Lee defeated, crippling the confederate army. d. Overland Campaign, 1864 - led by Gen. Grant, this campaign positioned the Union for victory. e. Sherman's March to the Sea, May 1864 - defeated Atlanta, and then continued to Savannah, indiscriminately destroying everything as he went. f. Following Lee's defeat at Appomattox, Grant accepted his surrender in the home of Wilmer McLean on 9 April, 1865.

Question 386

Three phases of Reconstruction

Answer 386

a. Presidential - Pres Johnson was lenient on the south and allowed continued discrimination and control over blacks. b. Congressional - provided a wider range of civil rights for blacks and greater control over southern government. Marked by military control of former confederate states. c. Redemption - gradually southern states were readmitted to the union. During this time white Democrats took over most of the south. Troops finally departed the south in 1877.

Question 387

Major developments in transportation in America and how the affected America's growth

Answer 387

a. The Transcontinental Railroad traversed the continent, making it easier for travel and shipment of goods from coast to coast. b. Canals and steamboats simplified water travel making shipping easier and less expensive. c. The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson, facilitating transportation of goods. d. With settlers moving west, wagon trails developed, including the Oregon, California, and Sante Fe trails.

Question 388

Popular sovereignty and how it led to the compromise of 1850

Answer 388

a. In addition to pro and anti slavery factions, a third party arose that felt like states should be able to chose. This was known as popular sovereignty. b. When CA entered the union, the balance of congressional power was again threatened. The Compromise of 1850 introduced laws to end the conflict: 1. CA was admitted as a free state 2. Slave trade in DC was outlawed 3. An increase in effort to capture escaped slaves 4. NM and UT would decide independently whether or not to allow slavery

Question 389

The Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 389

1865 - This announcement issued during the Civil War by President Lincoln confirmed the end of slavery in the Confederate states a. Freed all slaves in Confederate states that did not return to the Union by the beginning of the year. b. The proclamation did not free any slaves under the Union control, it did set the stage for emancipation as the war progressed. c. It worked in the Unions behalf as many freed slaves and other black troops joined the Union Army. Almost 200,000 blacks fought in the Union army, and 10,000 in the Navy. d. By the end of the war, 4M slaves were freed, and in 1865, slavery was banned

Question 390

How did attitudes change toward education in the 19th century

Answer 390

a. Horace Mann - felt that public schools could help children become better citizens, keep them from crime, prevent poverty, and unify American society. His Common School Journal brought his ideas into public consciousness, increasing literacy leading to increased awareness of current events, Western expansion, and other major developments of the time. b. Public interest and participation in the arts and literature also increased. c. By the end of the 19th century, all children had access to a free education.

Question 391

The Missouri Compromise and did it affect north-south relations

Answer 391

a. Missouri was allowed to enter the Union as a slave state only when the northern part of Massachusetts was brought into the Union as a free state, maintaining status quo. b. The Louisiana Purchase was to remain free north of the 36 degree, which was acceptable as it wasn't amenable to cotton crops. c. Missouri constitution forbade free blacks from entering the state, which was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court at the request and challenge of Henry Clay.

Question 392

Compare the advantages of the North and South during the Civil War

Answer 392

North: 1. Larger population, with 24 states to the souths 11. 2. Better transportation and finances. 3. More raw material. South: 1. Better trained military officers (West Point Grads) 2. Culturally more familiar with guns and horse riding 3. Defensive position. South was defending and north invading 4. Well defined goals. Fought war to self govern and defend way of life

Question 393

Encomienda

Answer 393

Labor system created by Spain which allowed Spanish settlers in the Americas to control the lands and Indians. In turn the Spanish had to pay the natives and teach them Catholicism. The system was intended to help the natives from exploitation, but the system itself turned into a coercive labor system.

Question 394

Burgesses

Answer 394

Elected representatives.

Question 395

Quartering Act

Answer 395

This was one of the Coercive Acts, required local legislatures to feed and house British troops stationed in their locale. They could be quartered anywhere, including unoccupied homes. Americans were angered by this because it added drain on their finances, and also because it was an army the colonists saw as unnecessary during peacetime.

Question 396

Coercive Acts

Answer 396

Also known as the Intolerable Acts, four acts that were passed after the Boston Tea Party. 1. Closed the Port of Boston to all trade until local citizens would agree to pay for the lost tea. 2. Required local government officials in Massachusetts be appointed by the governor and not elected by the people. 3. Allowed trials of British soldiers be transferred to Britain, where the acquittal might be greater. 4. Required locals to provide lodging for British soldiers at any time.

Question 397

First Continental Congress

Answer 397

Comprised of delegates from the colonies, met in 1774 in reaction to the Coercive Acts. They petitioned Parliament for relief, and passed the Suffolk Resolves, denouncing the Intolerable Acts and calling for strict non-importation and rigorous preparation of local militia companies in case the British should resort to military force.

Question 398

Declaration of Independence

Answer 398

Statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America.

Question 399

Strong Presidency

Answer 399

The President would have control of foreign policy and the power to veto Congress's legislation. Should the president commit an actual crime, Congress would have the power to impeach him. Otherwise, the president would serve for a term of 4 years and be re-electable without limit. The president was to be elected by an electoral college, in which each state would have the same numbers of electors as it did senators and representatives combined.

Question 400

Judiciary Act of 1789

Answer 400

Laid the groundwork for the federal court system. 1. Provided a Supreme Court with 6 justices (today there are 9 justices) 2. A system of district courts were set up to serve as courts of original jurisdiction 3. Three courts of appeal were established. 4. Congress established 3 departments of the executive branch -- state, treasury, and war -- as well as the offices of attorney general and postmaster general.

Question 401

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 401

This announcement issued on September 22, 1862 during the Civil War by President Lincoln confirmed the end of slavery in the Confederate states as of January 1, 1863. a. Freed all slaves in Confederate states that did not return to the Union by the beginning of the year. b. The proclamation did NOT free any slaves under the Union control, it did set the stage for emancipation as the war progressed. c. It worked in the Unions behalf as many freed slaves and other black troops joined the Union Army. Almost 200,000 blacks fought in the Union army, and 10,000 in the Navy. d. By the end of the war, 4M slaves were freed, and in 1865, slavery was banned.

Question 402

13th Amendment

Answer 402

Abolished Slavery

Question 403

Dawes Act

Answer 403

(1887) Also known as the General Allotment Act, the, it was an act that was designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the assimilation of Indians into American society. It would be the major Indian policy until the 1930s. The goal of this Act was to create independent farmers out of Indians — give them land and the tools for citizenship.

Question 404

Fourteen Points

Answer 404

(1918) Peace plan created by Woodrow Wilson for negotiations in order to end World War I. This plan called for "peace without victory" in which the Allies would set unselfish peace terms, including freedom of the seas, the restoration of territories conquered during the war, and the right to national self-determination in such contentious regions as the Balkans. It is most famous for the established of a general association of nations - League of Nations- to guarantee political independence to and protect the territorial lines of great and small States alike. Ultimately, this did not pass because people wanted harsher punishments for Germany following WWI.

Question 405

Teapot Dome Scandal

Answer 405

1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Tea Pot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation government officials Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign.

Question 406

New Deal

Answer 406

Was a series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 to his reelection in 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 R's: relief, recovery and reform. It attempted to improve the economy through largescale spending on relief and reform.

Question 407

Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC)

Answer 407

New Deal Program - Created in 1933 to assist in the refinancing of homes. The housing crisis created a great many foreclosures, and Franklin Roosevelt hoped this new agency would stem the tide. In fact, between 1933 and 1935 one million people received long term loans through the agency that saved their homes from foreclosure.

Question 408

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Answer 408

New Deal Program - Created in 1933 by FDR to combat unemployment. This program was responsible for working on flood control, soil conservation, and forest projects.

Question 409

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Answer 409

New Deal Program - Created to provide economic stimulus and jobs during the Great Depression. This program was designed to create public works that included buildings, highways, and parkways.

Question 410

Civil Works Administration (CWA)

Answer 410

New Deal Program - Created in 1933 by FDR, this program created temporary jobs for the unemployed doing manual labor.

Question 411

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

Answer 411

New Deal Program - Sought to stabilize the economy by drawing up a code for industries which set minimum prices, minimum wages, maximum work hours, production limits, and quotas.

Question 412

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Answer 412

New Deal Program - Created in 1935, This was the largest agency of the New Deal as it impacted millions of Americans. It provided jobs across the nation working on roads, buildings, and other projects.

Question 413

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Answer 413

New Deal Program - Established in 1933 to develop the economy in the Tennessee Valley region. They built dams, manufactured nitrates for fertilizer, conducted projects for farmers, engaged in reforestation, and attempted to rehabilitate the whole area.

Question 414

Social Security Act (SSA)

Answer 414

New Deal Program - Created in 1935, this program established a retirement plan for persons over the age of 65, which was to be funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.

Question 415

Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC)

Answer 415

Executive order by FDR to ban discriminatory employment practices by Federal agencies and companies engaged in war-related work.

Question 416

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Answer 416

Repealed the Dawes Act of 1887. Restored tribal ownership of Indian lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans to tribes for economic development.

Question 417

Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)

Answer 417

This organization unionizes basic industries, presumably within the AFL. (steel, auto, rubber, and radio)

Question 418

Good Neighbor Policy

Answer 418

FDR's noninterventionist foreign policy in Latin America, which no longer utilized military force to exercise influence in the region.

Question 419

Montevideo Conference of American Nations

Answer 419

The first of several Pan-America conferences held during the period between World War I and World War II concerning mutual defense and corporate between the countries of Latin America. The U.S. renounced the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries.

Question 420

Lend-Lease Act

Answer 420

1941 - This let the U.S. provide supplies to Britain in exchange for goods and services after the war.

Question 421

Pearl Habor

Answer 421

Attack on December 7, 1941. Japanese fighter planes attacked this American naval base in Hawaii.

Question 422

Axis Powers

Answer 422

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Question 423

Allied Powers

Answer 423

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

Question 424

Korematsu v. United States

Answer 424

1944 - Supreme Court case that upheld the Executive Order to relocate Japanese Americans into internment camps.

Question 425

D-Day

Answer 425

June 6, 1944 - Allied troops invaded the beaches of Normandy, France during World War II.

Question 426

Yalta Conference

Answer 426

February 4-11, 1945 - Conference where the "Big 3" (FDR, Winston Churchill, and Josef Stalin) discussed the fate of post-war Europe. They created the United Nations and new boundaries for Poland.

Question 427

Manhattan Project

Answer 427

Research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during WWII. It was led by the U.S. with the support of the U.K. and Canada.

Question 428

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Answer 428

Nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

Question 429

Truman Doctrine

Answer 429

1947 - President Truman's policy where he argued that the United States must support free peoples who were resisting Communist domination (Mainly Greece and Turkey).

Question 430

Marshall Plan

Answer 430

1947 - American initiative to provide economic aid to help rebuild Europe. This would later officially be called the European Recovery Program [ERP]) and would give $12 billion in aid.

Question 431

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Answer 431

Military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after WWII to strengthen international ties between member states - Especially the U.S. and Europe - and to serve as a counter-balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. "An attack against one would be considered an attack against all."

Question 432

Korean War

Answer 432

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Question 433

Geneva Accords

Answer 433

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel into Communistcontrolled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956.

Question 434

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Answer 434

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Question 435

Bay of Pigs

Answer 435

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Question 436

Berlin Wall

Answer 436

A fortified wall surrounding Democratic West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent Communist East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Question 437

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

Answer 437

Student activist movement that was a representation of the New Left. The college organization protested racial injustice and the Vietnam War.

Question 438

Roe v. Wade

Answer 438

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Question 439

Containment

Answer 439

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances.

Question 440

Watergate Scandal

Answer 440

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Question 441

Patriot Act

Answer 441

In response to 9/11, Congress passed this act to provide law enforcement agencies more resources to combat foreign and domestic terrorism by allowing them to search private records.

Question 442

King Hammurabi

Answer 442

He was the Babylonian King who made a legal code based on strict punishment ("an eye for an eye") and provided that one's social class determined punishment for a crime.

Question 443

Assyrians

Answer 443

Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to central Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire.

Question 444

Pharoahs

Answer 444

Considered living gods in Egypt.

Question 445

Pantheism

Answer 445

Doctrine that equates God with the universe and all that is in it.

Question 446

Homer

Answer 446

A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Question 447

Persian Wars

Answer 447

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.

Question 448

Peloponnesian War

Answer 448

War between Athens and Sparta which ended with Athen's defeat, but weakened Sparta as well.

Question 449

Parthenon

Answer 449

A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.

Question 450

Acropolis

Answer 450

An ancient citadel located on an extremely rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon.

Question 451

Patrician

Answer 451

In reference to Rome; belonging to or characteristic of the nobility or aristocracy.

Question 452

Ides Of March

Answer 452

on March 15th, Caesar is stabbed 23 times by Senate members and his close friends Cassius and Brutus; they were afraid his polarity would make him become a dictator for life

Question 453

Pax Romana

Answer 453

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

Question 454

Mohammed

Answer 454

Central figure of Islam and widely regarded as its founder.

Question 455

Five Pillars of Islam

Answer 455

1. Reciting the Muslim profession of faith. 2. Prayer 5x a day. 3. Charitable acts to benefit the poor and needy. 4. Fast during the month of Ramadan. 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca.

Question 456

Koran

Answer 456

Holy book of Islam

Question 457

Caste System

Answer 457

A social structure in which classes are determined by person's birth, wealth, or occupation; traditional division of Hindu society (India) into various categories; there are four main varnas; or classes:brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra.

Question 458

Feudalism

Answer 458

The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Question 459

Magna Carta

Answer 459

This established the principle of a limited English monarchy.

Question 460

Hundred Years War

Answer 460

(1337-1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. French ultimately won.

Question 461

Bubonic Plague

Answer 461

Also called "Black Death", this is a disease that was brought from Asia to Europe which eventually spread. This disease caused quick death, and was carried by fleas on rats. It killed about 24-40% of European population, with cities suffering the most.

Question 462

Renaissance

Answer 462

A cultural movement that started in Florence, Italy; It is considered the great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history.

Question 463

Social Contract

Answer 463

A voluntary agreement made among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Question 464

John Locke

Answer 464

Used Thomas Hobbes idea of the social contract and took it one step further, saying that people were naturally endowed with the right to life, liberty, and property, and to preserve those rights, they were willing to give power to a governing authority. HOWEVER, if the government failed to preserve those rights, the people had the right to break the contract and rebel.

Question 465

Shay's Rebellion

Answer 465

(1786) Rebellion of Massachusetts farmers against the tax collectors and the banks that were seizing their property.

Question 466

Federal System

Answer 466

System that divides the powers of government between the states and the national government.

Question 467

Legislative Branch

Answer 467

Branch of government that regulates commerce, issues tax, and pass laws/legislation. It consists of Bicameral power (two-house) which is subject to Article I of the Constitution.

Question 468

Filibuster

Answer 468

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue.

Question 469

Executive Branch

Answer 469

Branch of government vested in the President of the United States, who also acts as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. This branch carries out and enforces laws, declares war, grants pardons, and appoints high officials

Question 470

22nd Amendment

Answer 470

Amendment that created a 2 term limit on presidents.

Question 471

25th Amendment

Answer 471

Amendment that creates a chain of succession for filling in the presidential seat in case of death/incapacitation.

Question 472

Judicial Branch

Answer 472

Branch of government vested in the Supreme Court. The branch determines constitutionality of laws and resolves disputes between states.

Question 473

Articles of Confederation

Answer 473

Goal that was clearly expressed was a limit on the power of the national government. This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Question 474

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 474

Was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, volunteerist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.

Question 475

Frederick Douglass

Answer 475

American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman, minister and reformer. Escaping from slavery, he made strong contributions to the abolitionist movement, and achieved a public career that led to his being called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia". Is one of the most prominent figures in African American and United States history.

Question 476

John Mercer Langston

Answer 476

Was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, and political activist. Together with his older brothers Gideon and Charles, he became active in the Abolitionist movement. He helped runaway slaves to escape to the North along the Ohio part of the Underground Railroad. In 1858 he and Charles partnered in leading the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.

Question 477

Nativism

Answer 477

Nativism Favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, and it is assumed that they cannot be assimilated.

Question 478

Logan's Lament

Answer 478

He was a leader of the Mingo Indians. He was a war leader but often urged his fellow natives not to attack whites settling in the Ohio Country. His attitude changed on May 3, 1774, when a group of Virginia settlers murdered approximately one dozen Mingos. Among them were his mother and sister. He demanded that the Mingos and their allies, principally the Shawnee Indians, take revenge for the deaths of his loved ones. He wrote a famous speech and sent it to the English, refusing to come to negotiate peace.

Question 479

Plantation

Answer 479

Is a large farm or estate, usually in a tropical or subtropical country, where crops are grown for sale in distant markets, rather than for local consumption. Dominated southern agriculture from the mid-eighteenth century to the Civil War. These large farms, employing twenty or more slaves, produced staple crops (cotton, rice, tobacco) for domestic and foreign markets.

Question 480

Interstate Commerce Commission

Answer 480

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the its jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Question 481

Northern Securities Company

Answer 481

Was an important United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt; one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor.

Question 482

Sherman Antitrust Act

Answer 482

Requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law until Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency (1901-1908). The purpose of the act was to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.

Question 483

Immigration and Naturalization Service

Answer 483

Protected and enforced the laws of naturalization, the process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen. It also tackled illegal entrance into the United States, preventing receipt of benefits such as social security or unemployment by those ineligible to receive them, and investigated, detained, and deported those illegally living in the United States.

Question 484

WEB Du Bois

Answer 484

An American civil rights activist. He became the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becoming founder and editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis. He rose to national attention in his opposition of Booker T. Washington's ideas of social integration between whites and blacks, campaigning instead for increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights, and the formation of a Black elite that would work for the progress of the African American race. He was willing to form alliances with progressive White Americans in pursuit of civil rights.

Question 485

Marcus Garvey

Answer 485

Inspired by what he heard he returned to Jamaica and established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and published the pamphlet, The Negro Race and Its Problems. He was influenced by the ideas of Booker T. Washington and made plans to develop a trade school for the poor similar to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.

Question 486

The New Deal

Answer 486

Was a series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 to his reelection in 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 R's: relief, recovery and reform. It attempted to improve the economy through largescale spending on relief and reform.

Question 487

The First Great Awakening

Answer 487

Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 40s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield. Was a period of heightened religious activity in the British North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.

Question 488

Battle of Saratoga

Answer 488

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Question 489

The Dawes Act

Answer 489

Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans. The government was to sell the remainder to white settlers and use the income from that sale for Native Americans to buy farm equipment. But by 1932 white settlers had taken 2/3 of reservation territory, and Native Americans received no money from the sale of the reservations.

Question 490

Paleolithic Age

Answer 490

Old Stone Age, during the this period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. This period is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Were nomadic and lived in small groups.

Question 491

Shifting cultivation

Answer 491

Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted. The most common form is slash-and-burn agriculture: land is cleared by burning, so that crops can be grown. Slash-and-burn is practiced in many tropical forest areas, such as the Amazon region, where yams, cassava, and sweet potatoes can be grown

Question 492

Yalta Conference

Answer 492

Was the February 4-11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Established new boundaries for Poland.

Question 493

The Neolithic Revolution

Answer 493

Was the first agricultural revolution—the transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement. Archaeological data indicate that various forms of domestication of plants and animals arose independently in at least seven or eight separate locales worldwide, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East around 10,000 BC or earlier

Question 494

Aristotle

Answer 494

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Question 495

Helladic Period

Answer 495

Bronze age Greece, started around 2800 BC and lasted till 1050 BC in Crete while in the Aegean islands it started in 3000 BC. The economy of the villages depended on production of tools, weapons, agriculture and art and architecture. The need for more metals and goods lead to introduction of different colonies and barter creating set-up for trade.

Question 496

Mycenaean Age

Answer 496

Lasted from about 2000 B.C.E to the conquest of the Greek peninsula by invaders in the 1100s. Were bold traders and maintained contact with other countries from the Mediterranean and Europe. They were excellent engineers and built outstanding bridges, tombs, residences and palaces. Civilization is dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks in the Trojan War.

Question 497

Mixed government

Answer 497

Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers.

Question 498

Athenian democracy

Answer 498

A type of government used in Athens which is sort of a combine of majority rule and democracy. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right. Greek democracy created at Athens was a direct, not a representative democracy: any adult male citizen of age could take part, and it was a duty to do so.

Question 499

Pericles

Answer 499

Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens political and cultural supremacy in Greece. Was a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Also, he led Athens in the war against Sparta.

Question 500

Roman Senate

Answer 500

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic they effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. Formed by Romulus; served for life; administered laws and decrees; controlled treasury and collected taxes; appointed military commanders; received foreign ambassadors and ratified treaties with foreign powers.

Question 501

Diocletian

Answer 501

Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happened he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians. Separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and re-organized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire.

Question 502

Mayans

Answer 502

A Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassical period,(c. 250 CE to 900 CE), and continued until the arrival of the Spanish.

Question 503

Aztecs

Answer 503

(1200-1521) 1300, They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Question 504

The Black Death

Answer 504

By 1348, this disease ravaged from Italy, Spain, and France to the rest of Europe; transmitted by fleas on rats; considered an epidemic; one in three people died; spread from Asia to middle east; people turned to witchcraft for cures; some beat themselves because they considered the disease God's punishment; Christians blamed Jews; production declined; higher wages; inflation

Question 505

Tang Dynasty

Answer 505

The imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han period

Question 506

Kingdom of Maili

Answer 506

Was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. This Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This empire extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces.

Question 507

Kingdom of Songhai

Answer 507

Was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, It was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.

Question 508

Rousseau

Answer 508

Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract, & Emile. He identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted when man claimed that they owned land. Said the government must rule at the general will of the people so that the most people are benefited. Hated Parliament because the delegates made laws not the people.

Question 509

Haitian Revolution

Answer 509

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Question 510

The factory system

Answer 510

Each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Factories spread wildly as well in the 1820s. Many of these factories were also built alongside water to take advantage of water power. Many also had massive smokestacks. Factories polluted both water and air.

Question 511

Liberalism

Answer 511

A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

Question 512

Socialism

Answer 512

A theory or system that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. An economic system in which government owns some factors of production and participates in answering economic questions. It offers some security and benefits to those who are less fortunate, homeless, or under-employed.

Question 513

The Great Leap Forward

Answer 513

The Great Leap Forward In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced lowquality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine. What is this program called?

Question 514

Neo Colonialism

Answer 514

A process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress," but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure

Question 515

Settled Agriculture

Answer 515

As opposed to slash-and-burn varieties, usually implied some forms of property so that land could be identified as belonging to a family, a village, or a landlord. Only with property was there incentive to introduce improvements, such as wells or irrigation measures, that could be monopolized by those who created them or left to their heirs.

Question 516

Cherokee

Answer 516

Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.

Question 517

Iroquois

Answer 517

A term which designates a confederacy of 5 tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the SENECA, CAYUGA, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA and MOHAWK. Were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose use of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population that made war against other Algonquian peoples

Question 518

Iroquois Confederation

Answer 518

The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the FrenchIndian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution. The nations who joined the League were the Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Mohawk. Once they ceased most of their infighting, the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century northeastern North America.

Question 519

The Five Civilized Tribes

Answer 519

Were the five Native American nations: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, which were considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. Lived in the Southeastern United States before their relocation to other parts of the country, especially the future state of Oklahoma.

Question 520

American Dawes Commission

Answer 520

Its purpose was to convince the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to cede tribal title of Indian lands, and adopt the policy of dividing tribal lands into individual allotments. During this process, the Indian nations were stripped of their communally held national lands, which was divided into single lots and allotted to individual members of the nation.

Question 521

1914-1918

Answer 521

years of World War I.

Question 522

1957

Answer 522

year Sputnik launched

Question 523

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 523

Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954, stated that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools, overturned Plessey v. Ferguson (1896). Ruled that segregated schools are not acceptable because of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 524

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 524

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society.

Question 525

Legitimacy

Answer 525

Involves the acceptance of the decisions of government officials by the public on the grounds that the leaders' acquisition and exercise of power has been in accordance with the society's generally accepted procedures and political values. Ex/ A citizen views the government as legitimate, a law may be unpopular, but it will still garner popular acceptance.

Question 526

Filibuster

Answer 526

A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches. Hold up action on a bill by refusing to yield the floor, gives individual senators a degree of influence over legislation that is not available to the members of the House, whose debate is governed by a more restrictive set of rules.

Question 527

Impeachment

Answer 527

The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may do this to the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.", Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives.

Question 528

Populist

Answer 528

A person who advocates democratic principles; A politician who advocates specific policies just because they are popular. A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver (more money to be put in circulation)

Question 529

Average Fixed Cost

Answer 529

The total fixed costs (TFC) divided by the number of units produced. It is the only cost that decreases with production.

Question 530

Average Variable Cost

Answer 530

Total variable costs divided by the number of units of output.

Question 531

Marginal Cost

Answer 531

The increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production, the increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output

Question 532

Law of Diminishing Return

Answer 532

When additional units of a variable input are added to fixed inputs after a certain point, the marginal product of the variable input declines.

Question 533

Total Product

Answer 533

All the goods and services produced by a business during a given period of time with a given amount of input

Question 534

Average Product

Answer 534

Total output divided by total units of the variable factor of production

Question 535

Marginal Product

Answer 535

The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input, the additional output that can be produced by adding one more unit of a specific input, ceteris paribus.

Question 536

Explicit Costs

Answer 536

The actual payments a firm makes to its factors of production and other suppliers.

Question 537

Implicit Costs

Answer 537

All the firm's opportunity costs of the resources supplied by the firm's owners for which the owners do not make an explicit charge

Question 538

Accounting Profit

Answer 538

Total revenue minus total explicit cost.

Question 539

Economic Profit

Answer 539

Total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs

Question 540

Perfect Competition

Answer 540

A market structure in which a large number of firms all produce the same product. The market situation in which there are many sellers in a market and no seller is large enough to dictate the price of a product

Question 541

Monopoly

Answer 541

Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices

Question 542

Monopolistic Competition

Answer 542

Market or industry characterized by numerous buyers and relatively numerous sellers trying to differentiate their products from those of competitors.

Question 543

Oligopoly

Answer 543

A market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors. A market structure in which a few large firms dominate a market.

Question 544

Derived Demand

Answer 544

Demand for business or organizational products (tires) caused by demand for consumer goods of services (autos).

Question 545

Labor Demand

Answer 545

The relationship between the quantity of labor demanded by firms and the wage.

Question 546

Gross Domestic Product

Answer 546

The total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

Question 547

Consumer Price Index

Answer 547

An index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer

Question 548

Price Index

Answer 548

An index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time

Question 549

Aggregate Demand

Answer 549

The total demand for goods and services over varying prices within the economy, including componenting such as household consumption, business investment, government spending & net exports., the amount of goods and services in the economy that will be purchased at all possible price levels.

Question 550

Unemployment Rate

Answer 550

Measures the number of people who are able to work, but do not have a job during a period of time.

Question 551

Aggregate Supply

Answer 551

The total amount of goods and services in the economy available at all possible price levels

Question 552

Keynesian Economics

Answer 552

Theory stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms, economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore, advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle.

Question 553

Money Demand

Answer 553

A relationship between the interest rate and the quantity of money that people are willing to hold at any given interest rate.

Question 554

Money Supply

Answer 554

The quantity of money available in the economy

Question 555

Federal Reserve System

Answer 555

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates

Question 556

Money Multiplier

Answer 556

The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves, the multiple by which deposits can increase for every dollar increase in reserves; equal to 1 divided by the required reserve ratio.

Question 557

Inflation

Answer 557

An increase in the overall level of prices in the economy

Question 558

Stagflation

Answer 558

A period of slow economic growth and high unemployment while prices rise (inflation)

Question 559

Recession

Answer 559

The state of the economy declines, A period of an economic contraction, sometimes limited in scope or duration.

Question 560

Automatic Stabilizers

Answer 560

Taxes and transfer payments, Federal government expenditures or receipts that automatically increase or decrease without requiring action by Congress or the President. Examples are unemployment compensation and corporate and individual income tax.

Question 561

Trade Restrictions

Answer 561

Tariffs and quotas restrict the amount of a good imported and supply will decrease

Question 562

Capital Account

Answer 562

The net result of public and private international investments flowing in and out of a country. The net results includes foreign direct investment, plus changes in holdings of stocks, bonds, loans, bank accounts, and currencies.

Question 563

Long Run Phillips Curve

Answer 563

Relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate in the long run, looks at long-term natural rate of unemployment.

Question 564

Equilibrium Exchange Rate

Answer 564

Exchange rate at which demand for a currency is equal to the supply of the currency in the economy.

Question 565

Price Level

Answer 565

An index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time

Question 566

Protectionist Policy

Answer 566

A way to "protect" or insulate a domestic industry from competition by foreign producers of the same good. import tariff allows domestic producers to both capture a larger share of the domestic market and charge a higher price than would otherwise be possible

Question 567

Comparative Advantage

Answer 567

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers.

Question 568

Absolute Advantage

Answer 568

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce more of a good or service than competitors using the same amount of resources.

Question 569

Balance of Payments Account

Answer 569

National account of international payments and receipts, divided into current account, and capital and financial account.

Question 570

Trade Balance

Answer 570

Is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports.

Question 571

Trade Surplus

Answer 571

When a country exports more than it imports

Question 572

Trade Deficit

Answer 572

When a country imports more than it exports.

Question 573

Current Account

Answer 573

That part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports and imports of goods and services and transfer payments

Question 574

Foreign Exchange Market

Answer 574

The market in which the currencies of different countries are bought and sold.

Question 575

Capital Flows

Answer 575

Investment flows per period of time, into and out of a country. EX: Portfolio/FDI

Question 576

Price Floor

Answer 576

Are minimum prices set by the government for certain commodities and services that it believes are being sold in an unfair market, with too low of a price and thus their producers deserve some assistance.

Question 577

Price Ceilings

Answer 577

Are maximum prices set by the government for particular goods and services that they believe are being sold at too high of a price and thus consumers need some help purchasing them.

Question 578

Diseconomies Of Scale

Answer 578

An economic concept referring to a situation in which economies of scale no longer function for a firm. Rather than experiencing continued decreasing costs per increase in output, firms see an increase in marginal cost when output is increased.

Question 579

Economies of Scale

Answer 579

The increase in efficiency of production as the number of goods being produced increases.

Question 580

Growth Rate

Answer 580

Is the percentage increase or decrease of GDP from the previous measurement cycle. It is annualized so it can be compared to the previous year.

Question 581

Cost Push Inflation

Answer 581

Occurs when businesses respond to rising production costs, by raising prices in order to maintain their profit margins.

Question 582

Demand Pull Inflation

Answer 582

Inflation resulting from an increase in aggregate demand. Increases in the following factors: money supply, government purchases, and price level in the rest of the world can impact this.

Question 583

Nominal Value

Answer 583

The value of something in current dollars without taking into account the effects of inflation.

Question 584

Real Value

Answer 584

Value in current dollars after adjusting for inflation.

Question 585

Structural Unemployment

Answer 585

Unemployment that occurs when workers' skills do not match the jobs that are available. Changes in technology and tastes can have an impact on this.

Question 586

Frictional Unemployment

Answer 586

Is unemployment that comes from people moving between jobs, careers, and locations

Question 587

Cyclical Unemployment

Answer 587

Unemployment that rises during economic downturns and falls when the economy improves. Getting laid off due to a recession is the classic case of this.

Question 588

Seasonal Unemployment

Answer 588

Unemployment that occurs as a result of harvest schedules or vacations, or when industries slow or shut down for a season.

Question 589

Nominal Interest Rate

Answer 589

The interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflation.

Question 590

Real Interest Rate

Answer 590

The interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation.

Question 591

Fiscal Policy

Answer 591

The federal government efforts to keep the economy stable by increasing or decreasing taxes or government spending.

Question 592

Bonds

Answer 592

A certificate issued by a government or private company which promises to pay back with interest the money borrowed from the buyer of the certificate.

Question 593

Deadweight Loss

Answer 593

The fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax.

Question 594

Infant Industries

Answer 594

Developing industries that require protection to get started.

Question 595

Subsidies

Answer 595

Government loans, grants, and tax deferments given to domestic companies to protect them from foreign competition.

Question 596

Trade Quotas

Answer 596

Restrictions to free trade, put a legal limit on the amount that can be imported, creating shortages which cause prices to rise.

Question 597

Tariffs

Answer 597

Taxes on imports, raise the price of imported goods, which increases the demand and price for the same goods produced by domestic suppliers. Revenues from these are collected by the domestic government.

Question 598

Embargoes

Answer 598

Prohibit trade with other nations. They bar a foreign nation's imports or ban exports to that nation or both.

Question 599

Licenses

Answer 599

May be required of importers of foreign goods so that imports can be restricted.

Question 600

Trade Standards

Answer 600

Are laws or regulations establishing health and safety standards for imported goods, frequently much stricter than those applied to domestically produced goods.

Question 601

Expansionary Monetary Policy

Answer 601

Federal Reserve system actions to increase the money supply, lower interest rates, and expand real GDP; an easy money policy.

Question 602

Expansionary Fiscal Policy

Answer 602

An increase in government purchases of goods and services, a decrease in net taxes, or some combination of the two for the purpose of increasing aggregate demand and expanding real output

Question 603

Progressive Income Tax

Answer 603

The percentage of income paid in taxes will increase as income increases.

Question 604

Cartel

Answer 604

A consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service. ex/ OPEC

Question 605

Conglomerate

Answer 605

A group of diverse companies under common ownership and run as a single organization.

Question 606

Marginal Propensity

Answer 606

The smaller marginal propensity to save, the larger the multiplier; the larger the marginal propensity to consume, the larger the multiplier

Question 607

Spending Multiplier

Answer 607

The reciprocal of 1 minus the marginal propensity to consume. Or the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save.

Question 608

Pure Competition

Answer 608

A firm produces a homogeneous product and is a small part of the total supply such that it cannot influence market price and total output.

Question 609

Social mobility

Answer 609

The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and power.

Question 610

Social Stratification

Answer 610

One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

Question 611

Socialization

Answer 611

The lifelong process by which people learn their culture and develop a sense of self.

Question 612

Primary Groups

Answer 612

Social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved, groups that provide members with a sense of belonging and affection.

Question 613

Secondary Groups

Answer 613

Groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)., groups that meet principally to solve problems

Question 614

Folkways

Answer 614

Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture, norms for routine or casual interaction.

Question 615

Mores

Answer 615

The conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group, norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.

Question 616

Beliefs

Answer 616

Specific ideas that people hold to be true

Question 617

Group Norms

Answer 617

Are rules that are designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect the appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of the members. "Conformity and compliance are two intended purposes of instituting this in groups., guidelines that regulate how members act as well as how they interact with each other.

Question 618

Values

Answer 618

Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something).

Question 619

Laws

Answer 619

Enforceable rules of conduct in a society.

Question 620

Conformity

Answer 620

Acting according to certain accepted standards, adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Question 621

Deviance

Answer 621

A state or condition markedly different from the norm, behavior that departs from societal or group norms

Question 622

Role

Answer 622

The actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group.

Question 623

Positive Sanctions

Answer 623

Social approval for observing a norm, a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize.

Question 624

Negative Sanctions

Answer 624

Social disapproval for violating a norm, a punishment or threat of a punishment to promote conformity to norms.

Question 625

Institutions

Answer 625

The rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping politics, organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake.

Question 626

Group

Answer 626

Any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

Question 627

Norms

Answer 627

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members, shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations

Question 628

Status

Answer 628

A person's condition or position in the eyes of the law; relative rank or standing, especially in society; prestige

Question 629

Networks

Answer 629

A set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.

Question 630

Social Solidarity

Answer 630

The state of having shared beliefs and values among members of a social group, along with intense and frequent interaction among group members.

Question 631

Conflict

Answer 631

A state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests, an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals).

Question 632

Multicultural diversity

Answer 632

Unique characteristics of ethics groups

Question 633

Ethnocentrism

Answer 633

Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups, belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.

Question 634

Stereotypes

Answer 634

A generalization, oversimplified view or opinion that members of a group rigidly apply to a thing, an idea, or another group.

Question 635

Biases

Answer 635

An inclination for or against a person, place, idea or thing that inhibits impartial judgment., a prejudice towards one particular point of view or ideology.

Question 636

Ideals

Answer 636

Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something), a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard.

Question 637

Cultural Relativity

Answer 637

The recognition that all cultures develop their own ways of dealing with the specific demands of their environments, the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.

Question 638

Prejudice

Answer 638

A partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation, an opinion or strong feeling formed without careful thought or regard to the facts.

Question 639

Pluralism

Answer 639

The doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements.

Question 640

Archaeology

Answer 640

Study of artifacts and relics of early mankind, the study of the remains of past cultures.

Question 641

Anthropology

Answer 641

Scientific study of humankind in all its aspects, especially human evolution, development, and culture, Studying the organs and development of people and their society.

Question 642

Physical Anthropology

Answer 642

Systematic study of humans and biological organisms

Question 643

Cultural Anthropology

Answer 643

It is the branch of anthropology that examines culture as a meaningful scientific concept.

Question 644

Enculturation

Answer 644

The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society.

Question 645

Social Stratification

Answer 645

One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

Question 646

Subcultures

Answer 646

Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture.

Question 647

Dominant Cultures

Answer 647

Values, customs, and language established by the group or groups that traditionally have controlled politics and government in a society.

Question 648

Cognitive Theory

Answer 648

Psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes: how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and solve-problems.

Question 649

Behavioral Psychology

Answer 649

A branch of psychology that focuses on observable actions, particularly stimulus-response methods.

Question 650

Humanistic Psychology

Answer 650

Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth

Question 651

Abnormal Psychology

Answer 651

The field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior.

Question 652

Sigmund Freud

Answer 652

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis, 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms, psychoanalysis, transference.

Question 653

Transference

Answer 653

The process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another (psychoanalysis).

Question 654

Carl Jung

Answer 654

1875-1961; Field: Neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation

Question 655

Jean Piaget

Answer 655

1896-1980; Swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations

Question 656

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 656

A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning.

Question 657

B.F. Skinner

Answer 657

Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. He is famous for use of his operant conditioning apparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pigeons and rats., Studied observable behaviors rather than thought - reinforcement - rewarding good behavior.

Question 658

Erik Erickson

Answer 658

Developmental Psychology: Psychosocial stage theory of development (eight stages)

Question 659

Identity crisis

Answer 659

Distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society.

Question 660

Perception

Answer 660

Becoming aware of something via the senses

Question 661

Social Cognition

Answer 661

Mental processes associated with people's perceptions of, and reactions to, other people.

Question 662

Latent Learning

Answer 662

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Question 663

Classical Conditioning

Answer 663

A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus.

Question 664

Identity Formation

Answer 664

Erikson; stage of adolescence where teens are to develop a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on other to dependence on oneself

Question 665

Schizophrenia

Answer 665

Any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact.

Question 666

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Answer 666

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

Question 667

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Answer 667

Type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Question 668

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 668

A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities (Most common psychological disorder in the United States).

Question 669

Utopias

Answer 669

Reformers founded these ideal communities to realize their spiritual and moral potential and to escape from competition, communities designed to create perfect societies.

Question 670

Reactionary Groups

Answer 670

Refers to viewpoints that seek to return to a previous state (the status quo ante) in a society. The term is meant to stand in opposition to and as one end of a political spectrum whose opposite pole is "radicalism".

Question 671

Cultural Diffusion

Answer 671

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another.

Question 672

Culture Clash

Answer 672

Is experienced when an individual experiences conflict between the beliefs, values and expectations of their primary culture and a new culture in which they must function.

Question 673

Deindividualism

Answer 673

Abandoning normal restraints to the power of the group, doing together what we would not do alone

Question 674

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 674

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

Question 675

Pluralistic Ignorance

Answer 675

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

Question 676

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 676

Is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

Question 677

Ascribed Status

Answer 677

Social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life

Question 678

Split Brain

Answer 678

A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Research states that the left hemisphere is responsible for spoken language.

Question 679

Sensitive Development Period

Answer 679

Critical Period in development is a period of time which an organism typically needs to be exposed to a particular stimulus in order for proper development to occur.

Question 680

Correlational Research

Answer 680

A research strategy that identifies the relationships between two or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together. One advantage is that it helps psychologists make predictions.

Question 681

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 681

Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. This technique is used to increase the frequency of behavior.

Question 682

Habituation

Answer 682

A general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions, decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.

Question 683

Punishment

Answer 683

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

Question 684

Serial-Position Effect

Answer 684

A term coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus, refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the regency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).

Question 685

Thematic Map

Answer 685

A type of map that displays one or more variables-such as population, or income levelwithin a specific area., shows climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density, economic activity, historical trends, movement, etc...

Question 686

Topographic Map

Answer 686

Shows surface features of an area such as mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus by using contour lines to show changes in elevation

Question 687

Choropleth Map

Answer 687

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent data as average values per unit area. Makes quantity distinctions between items through color. Example: Number of hospital beds per 1,000 people by county in a state.

Question 688

Dot Map

Answer 688

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.

Question 689

Nile River

Answer 689

The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea

Question 690

Mekong River

Answer 690

A major river that runs from southern China through Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Question 691

Euphrates River

Answer 691

A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent, a river running through Sumer, Mesopotamia, provided resources for the Mesopotamians.

Question 692

Yangtze River

Answer 692

The longest river of Asia, River found in China; 3rd longest river in the world (3915 miles long)

Question 693

Mississippi River

Answer 693

A major North American river and the chief river of the United States, longest river in the U.S.

Question 694

Amazon River

Answer 694

Major river of South America; located primarily in Brazil, largest river in the world

Question 695

Trade Winds

Answer 695

Prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator

Question 696

Jet Stream

Answer 696

Is a high-velocity wind in the lower levels of the atmosphere that attains speeds of over 250 miles per hour as it moves in a westerly direction, carrying weather patterns with it.

Question 697

Gulf Stream

Answer 697

A warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean

Question 698

El Nino

Answer 698

(Oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time.

Question 699

Prevailing Winds

Answer 699

Winds that blow in the same direction over large areas of Earth.

Question 700

Population Pyramid

Answer 700

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

Question 701

Constrictive Pyramid

Answer 701

A population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people. The country will have a greying population which means that people are generally older.

Question 702

Expansive Pyramid

Answer 702

A triangular population pyramid that is broadest at the base, with each successive cohort smaller than the one below it. The pyramid shows that the population consists disproportionately of young people.

Question 703

Stationary Pyramid

Answer 703

A population pyramid in which all cohorts (except the oldest) are roughly the same size.

Question 704

Latitude

Answer 704

Distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees. Has the greatest influence on climate.

Question 705

Longitude

Answer 705

Distance east or west on the earth's surface, measured in degrees from a certain meridian (line from the North to the South Pole).

Question 706

Climate

Answer 706

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time.

Question 707

Atmospheric Pressure

Answer 707

The pressure that is exerted by the Earth's atmosphere at sea level, which is caused by the collisions between molecules in the air.

Question 708

Tropic of Cancer

Answer 708

a line of latitude about 23 degrees North of the equator

Question 709

Ring of Fire

Answer 709

A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean.

Question 710

Coral Sea

Answer 710

Sea containing the Great Barrier Reef & located off the northeastern coast of Australia.

Question 711

Aegean Sea

Answer 711

A sea that separates Greece from Asia Minor

Question 712

Black Sea

Answer 712

Large body of water separating Ukraine from Turkey

Question 713

Red Sea

Answer 713

A long arm of the Indian Ocean between northeast Africa and Arabia

Question 714

Dead Sea

Answer 714

A landlocked salt lake between Israel and Jordan that is so salty that almost nothing can live in its waters; it is 1,349 feet below sea level, making it the lowest place on the exposed crust of the earth.

Question 715

Growing Season

Answer 715

The average number of days between the last frost of spring and the first frost of fall. The most common measure of the length of this is the number of days with no frost.

Question 716

The European Union

Answer 716

Is an economic and political union between 27 member countries, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, it has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development.