Context: Cystic Fibrosis + Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

What is mass flow?

Answer 1

The transport of blood in one direction

Question 2

What is the specific heat capacity defined as?

Answer 2

The amount of energy required to increase 1g of water by 1 degree C

Question 3

What is thromboplastin?

Answer 3

An enzyme that acts as a clotting agent

Question 4

What conditions does thromboplastin work in?

Answer 4

Ca2+ and Vitamin K

Question 5

What is the purpose of converting fibrinogen into fibrin?

Answer 5

To form a mesh that traps red blood cells

Question 6

What are the consequences of atherosclerosis?

Answer 6

Coronary heart disease
Angina
Stroke

Question 7

What is an ANEURYSM?

Answer 7

The result of an artery bulging as it fills with blood

Question 8

List 3 different types of general risk factors

Answer 8

Genetics
Physical environment
Social environment
Lifestyle and behaviour choices

Question 9

What are the features of a good study?

Answer 9

Controlling variables - Increasing validity
Clear Aim
Representative sample
Valid and reliable results

Question 10

What is hypertension?

Answer 10

High blood pressure

Question 11

What is systolic pressure?

Answer 11

When ventricles contract - the highest blood pressure

Question 12

What do ACE inhibitors do?

Answer 12

Cause vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Question 13

What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 13

Dizziness, Dry Cough, Abnormal heart rhythms

Question 14

What do Calcium Channel Blockers do?

Answer 14

Block Ca2+ channels in muscle cells stopping muscle contraction so muscle walls don’t contract - lowers blood pressure

Question 15

What are the three main forms of treatment for blood pressure?

Answer 15

ACE inhibitors
Calcium Channel Blockers
Diuretics

Question 16

What are the side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers?

Answer 16

Dizziness, Abnormal heart rhythms, Constipation

Question 17

Why aren’t calcium channel blockers prescribed to people who have had a myocardial infarction?

Answer 17

It can make symptoms worse or fatal

Question 18

What do diuretics do?

Answer 18

Increase volume of urine produced.

Question 19

How does increasing water loss decrease blood pressure?

Answer 19

Decreasing excess fluids and salt decreases blood plasma and cardiac output

Question 20

What are the side effects of diuretics?

Answer 20

Dizziness, Nausea, Muscle Cramps.

Question 21

What is the effect of aspirin on CVD?

Answer 21

Reduces the ‘stickiness’ of platelets and the likelihood of clot formation

Question 22

Give an example of an anticoagulant/ Platelet inhibitory treatment

Answer 22

Aspirin/ Clopidogrel/ Warfin

Question 23

What are Aspirin and Clopidogrel examples of?

Answer 23

Anticoagulants/ Platelet inhibitory treatment

Question 24

What do anticoagulants do?

Answer 24

Reduce the stickiness of platelets; reduce the likelihood of clots forming

Question 25

What are the risks of anticoagulants/Platelet inhibitory treatments?

Answer 25

Excessive bleeding

Question 26

What does Warfin do?

Answer 26

Thins the blood | Affects the synthesis of clotting factors

Question 27

What is the difference between Asparin and Warfin?

Answer 27

Warfin can have greater effects; the risk of bleeding is much higher for Warfin than Asparin

Question 28

What are cholesterol lowering drugs collectively known as?

Answer 28

(Plant) Statins

Question 29

What is a risk of using statins?

Answer 29

``` Dizziness Allergies Muscle pain Liver/ kidney {damage / failure} Diabetes ```

Question 30

What do statins do?

Answer 30

Inhibit an enzyme involved in the production of LDLs

Question 31

What is the effect of statins on CVD?

Answer 31

Decrease the risk of stroke and CHD.

Question 32

How can you reduce the risk of CVD through diet?

Answer 32

``` Less sat fats More polyunsat fats Less cholesterol More fibre Less salt More fruit + veg More foods with sterols + stanols ```

Question 33

What lifestyle changes (excl. diet) can you make to reduce the risk of CVD?

Answer 33

Stop smoking Maintain a normal BMI/ Waist-to-hip ratio Taking part in moderate exercise Reduce alcohol consumption

Question 34

What are examples of medication for cystic fibrosis?

Answer 34

Bronchodilators Antibiotics DNAase enzymes Steroids

Question 35

What do bronchodilators do for CF sufferers?

Answer 35

Inhaled through a nebuliser, the drugs relax the muscles in the airways

Question 36

What do antibiotics do for CF sufferers?

Answer 36

To kill/ prevent growth of bacteria in the lungs

Question 37

What do DNAase enzymes do for CF sufferers?

Answer 37

break down DNA so that mucus is easier to clear from the lungs

Question 38

What do steroids do for CF sufferers?

Answer 38

Reduce lung inflammation

Question 39

Why is diet important for CF sufferers?

Answer 39

Malabsorption syndrome - Sufferers are required to eat high energy foods (double the recommended protein), some need salt supplements

Question 40

Why is physiotherapy important for CF sufferers?

Answer 40

Rhythmical tapping of the chest cavity walls can help loosen the mucus and improve flow of air in and out of the lungs.

Question 41

What would be an appropriate way to treat cystic fibrosis if the lungs/heart are too damaged for treatments to be effective?

Answer 41

Transplants

Question 42

Why is fertility reduced in women suffering from CF?

Answer 42

The mucus plug develops in the cervix stopping sperm reaching the egg

Question 43

Why is fertility reduced in men suffering from CF?

Answer 43

The sperm duct (vas deferens) [isn't present at all / is blocked by a thick sticky mucus layer] so sperm can't leave the testes

Question 44

What do epithelial cells consist of?

Answer 44

One or more layers of cells sitting on a basement membrane made of protein fibres

Question 45

What do goblet cells do?

Answer 45

Make mucus

Question 46

What are squamous/ pavement cells?

Answer 46

Very thin flattened cells that fit together like paving.

Question 47

Where are pavement cells found?

Answer 47

The walls of alveoli and capilaries

Question 48

What are columnar cells?

Answer 48

Column shaped epithelial cells that extend out from the basement membrane. The free surface facing the intestine is normally covered in microvilli - increases SA:Vol ratio

Question 49

Where are columnar cells found?

Answer 49

The small intestine

Question 50

What are ciliated cells?

Answer 50

Tissue covered in cilia on the free surface which beat and move substances (e.g. mucus) along the tube they line. Each cell touches the basement membrane.

Question 51

Where are ciliated cells found?

Answer 51

Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

Question 52

Why are ciliated cells often known as PSEUDOSTRATIFIED?

Answer 52

It looks like it has layers- the nuclei are in different places in the cells but each cell touches the basement membrane.

Question 53

How thick can squamous cells be?

Answer 53

Can be less than 0.2 micrometres thick

Question 54

What is the difference between ciliated cells and columnar cells?

Answer 54

Columnar are covered in microvilli on their free surface whereas ciliated are covered in cilia. They're found in different places.

Question 55

What is bad about the mucus in CF sufferers?

Answer 55

Thick + sticky - cilia can't beak it away Traps bacteria -increases risk of infection Results in difficulty breathing

Question 56

What is a risk of using antihypertensives?

Answer 56

Drowsiness | Dizziness

Question 57

Name a difference between the structure of HDL and LDL

Answer 57

HDL contains less cholesterol HDL has more protein HDL is smaller

Question 58

What does BMI have to do with blood pressure?

Answer 58

Maintaining a healthy one (if necessary, lowering) lowers blood pressure