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RADT 157 Procedures & Positioning > Contrast > Flashcards

Contrast Flashcards

1
Q

For which body habitus will the kidneys lie at the highest level?

A

hypersthenic

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2
Q

where do the ureters lie in relationship to the peritonuem?

A

behind the peritoneum

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3
Q

how much fluid can the adult bladder hold?

A

500 ML

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4
Q

the technique of injecting contrast media into a vein and taking radiographs of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder is termed

A

intravenous urography

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5
Q

when the contrast medium is introduced against the normal flow it is termed

A

retrograde

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6
Q

radiographic examination of the urinary bladder is termed

A

cystography

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7
Q

non-ionic contrast agents are preferred because

A

they produce fewer adverse reactions

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8
Q

nearly all life threatening reactions to contrast media occur immediately or within how many minutes of injection?

A

20 minutes

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9
Q

what level is the IR centered for an AP or PA oblique and duodenum?

A

L1 / L2

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10
Q

functions of the stomach include

A

storage of food, chemical breakdown of food

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11
Q

another name for chewing is

A

mastication

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12
Q

which structure is air-filled on double contrast images of the stomach obtained in the PA oblique RAO position

A

Fundus

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13
Q

opening between the small intestine and the large intestine is called the

A

ileocecal valve

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14
Q

how long does it take barium to go through the alimentary canal and reach the rectum?

A

24 hours

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15
Q

which projections are done during an operative cholangiogram, where contrast is injected into the biliary system,,

A

AP and AP oblique RPO

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16
Q

which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces

A

lateral

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17
Q

what is the recommended oblique projection and position for the best demonstration of the esophagus

A

PA, RAO

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18
Q

What are the advantages of using double contrast technique for an examination of the stomach?

A

small lesions are not obscured, and the mucosal lining of the stomach can be clearly visualized

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19
Q

what is the average degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?

A

45 degrees

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20
Q

the widest portion of the small bowel is the

A

duodenum

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21
Q

for which body habitus is the stomach nearly vertical?

A

asthenic

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22
Q

the primary importance of preparation of the intestinal tract for examination of the colon is

A

retained fecal matter can simulate pathology

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23
Q

the ascending portion of the colon joins the transverse colon at the

A

right colic flexure

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24
Q

which two positions will demonstrate the right colic flexure

A

LPO, RAO

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25
Q

where is the IR centered for all decub projections of the large intestine

A

iliac crests

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26
Q

which projection of the colon best demonstrates the right colic flexure

A

RAO

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27
Q

what is the length of the average adult small intestine

A

22 feet

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28
Q

which body habitus is the large intestine bunched together and positioned very low in the abdomen

A

asthenic

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29
Q

which body habitus requires the greatest degree of rotation for a PA oblique projection of the stomach

A

hypersthenic

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30
Q

how much lower should the IR be positioned when the upright position is used for the stomach projections

A

3-6 inches

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31
Q

which projection of the colon best demonstrates the ascending colon

A

PA oblique, RAO

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32
Q

what level is the IR centered for a PA projection of the stomach and duodenum

A

L1-L2

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33
Q

the large intestine is made up of a series of pouches called the

A

haustra

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34
Q

what are the essential oblique projections of the stomach and duodenum?

A

LPO and RAO

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35
Q

the opening inside the duodenum where pancreatic enzymes and bile enter is the

A

greater duodenal papilla

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36
Q

where is the IR centered for delayed images of the small intestine

A

iliac crests

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37
Q

which two regions of the abdomen are almost entirely occupied by the liver

A

right hypochondrium and epigastrium

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38
Q

which drug may be given to the patient before a double contrast examination of the stomach to relax the GI tract

A

glucagon

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39
Q

which body habitus is the stomach almost horizontal

A

hypersthenic

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40
Q

what are the two essential projections for examinations of the small intestine

A

PA and AP

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41
Q

for all projections of the esophagus, the top of the IR is positioned at

A

the level of the mouth

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42
Q

in which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located

A

Left upper quadrant

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43
Q

one of the most important technical considerations in GI radiography is

A

elimination of motion

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44
Q

PA projection of the stomach best demonstrates the

A

stomach contour and duodenal bulb

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45
Q

how much is the body rotated for a PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum

A

40 - 70 degrees

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46
Q

food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours before a stomach examination

A

8 hours

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47
Q

the hard palate is formed by the

A

maxillae and palatine bone

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48
Q

the opening between the stomach and the small intestine is termed the

A

pyloric orifice

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49
Q

which position is used for PA oblique projection of the esophagus

A

35-40 degrees RAO

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50
Q

the jejunum and the ileum are attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the

A

mesentery

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51
Q

how many portions is the small intestine divided into

A

three

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52
Q

what is the length of the large intestine

A

5 feet

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53
Q

which is NOT an essential projection for an esophagus series

A

AP axial oblique

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54
Q

a specific radiographic examination of the biliary ducts is termed

A

cholangiography

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55
Q

which plane is centered to the grid for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum?

A

longitudinal plane midway between the vertebrae and the lateral border of the elevated side

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56
Q

which examination requires the use of time markers on images

A

small intestine / small bowel series

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57
Q

the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct unite to form the

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

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58
Q

iodinized solution normally clears the stomach in how many hours?

A

1-2 hours

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59
Q

if a patient has suspected varicose veins, which maneuver is used to show those veins?

A

valsalva maneuver

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60
Q

how much urine is excreted by the kidneys each day?

A

1 - 2 L

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61
Q

what is secreted by the suprarenal glands

A

epinephrine

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62
Q

the left kidney is ____ and ____ than the right

A

longer, narrower

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63
Q

which body habitus will have the kidneys at the highest level

A

hypersthenic

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64
Q

how much will the kidneys drop in the change from supine to upright position

A

2 inches

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65
Q

microscopic components of the parenchyma of the kidney are called

A

nephrons

66
Q

which are the blood capillaries that serves as the filter for the blood in the kidney

A

glomerulus

67
Q

cup-shaped recesses in the center of each kidney that recieve urine from the collecting ducts are the

A

calyces

68
Q

where do the ureters lie in relation to the peritoneum

A

behind the peritoneum

69
Q

what serves as the reservoir for urine

A

urinary bladder

70
Q

how long is the urethra in a female

A

1.5 inches

71
Q

the concentration of iodine in ionic contrast media is

A

50-70%

72
Q

Which of the following is true regarding nonionic contrast media?

  1. cost is higher
  2. less likely to cause a reaction
  3. less is necessary for the injection
A

1 and 2

73
Q

The common reactions to contrast media include:

  1. warmth
  2. flushing
  3. anaphylactic reaction
A

1 and 2

74
Q

Significant reactions to contrast media include:

  1. nausea
  2. vomiting
  3. edema of the respiratory mucous membrane
A

1 2 and 3

75
Q

Preparation of the patient for an IVU includes:

  1. a light evening meal
  2. a non-gas forming laxative
  3. NPO after midnight
A

1 2 and 3

76
Q

The exposure technique used for an IVU should have sufficient contrast and density to clearly demonstrate the:

  1. outline of the kidneys
  2. lower border of the liver
  3. lateral margin of the psoas muscle
A

1 2 and 3

77
Q

Which of the following must be available during an IVU?

  1. nurse
  2. radiologist
  3. emergency cart
A

2 and 3

78
Q

where is compression applied during an IVU?

A

distal ends of the ureters

79
Q

Compression should not be used during an IVU if the patient has:

  1. an iodine allergy
  2. an aneurysm
  3. a colostomy
A

2 and 3

80
Q

respiration for all exposures made during an IVU is

A

expiration

81
Q

contraindications for IVU include

A

anuria and renal failure

82
Q

within how many minutes does contrast medium appear in the pelvicalyceal system?

A

2-8

83
Q

how many minutes after injections does the greatest concentration of contrast medium appear in the kidneys

A

15-20

84
Q

the series of radiographs made during an IVU examination are typically done at time intervals between

A

3 and 20 minutes

85
Q

where is IR centered for all abdominal radiographs taken of the urinary system

A

at the iliac crests

86
Q

how much is the patient rotated from supine for AP oblique projection of the urinary system

A

30 degrees

87
Q

what plane is centered to the IR for a lateral projection of the urinary system

A

midcoronal plane

88
Q

which projections are used during a cystogram?

A

AP, AP oblique, lateral

89
Q

where is the IR centered for an AP axial projection of the urinary bladder for cystogram

A

2 inches above the superior border of the pubis

90
Q

how much is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the urinary bladder during a cystogram

A

40 - 60 degrees depending on physician preference

91
Q

what is the essential projection used for cystourethrogram on a male patient

A

AP oblique

92
Q

the concave medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and ureter exit is called

A

hilum

93
Q

the mucosal folds on the inside of the urinary bladder are called

A

rugae

94
Q

the abbreviation for excretory technique of urography is

A

IVU

95
Q

respiration instructions for all projections of the stomach is

A

suspended expiration

96
Q

A

A

A

97
Q

The respiration phase for radiographic images made during intravenous urography is:

A

Suspended expiration

98
Q

The urinary system includes with two of the following?

Kidneys
Urethra
Prostrate
Suprarenal glands

A

Kidneys
Urethra

99
Q

Which projection would place the right kidney perpendicular to the IR?

A

AP oblique, RPO

100
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

Posterior wall

101
Q

How is the CR positioned to free the bladder neck of superimposition during a female cystourethrogram?

A

5° caudal

102
Q

The mucosal folds on the inside of the urinary bladder are called:

A

Rugae

103
Q

Which position may be helpful to demonstrate the lower ureters?

A

Trendelenburg’s 15 to 20 degrees

104
Q

What is the central ray angulation for the AP axial urinary bladder?

A

10 to 15° caudal

105
Q

The radiographic examination of the urethra is called:

A

Cystourethrography

106
Q

What is the recommended size and orientation of the radiation field for examination of the urinary bladder (cystogram)?

A

10x12” lengthwise

107
Q

Two common reactions to contrast media include:

A

Warmth
Flushing

108
Q

Contraindications does intravenous urography include: 1. Anuria; 2. Renal failure; 3. Elderly patients

A

1 and 2

109
Q

A moderate reaction to a medication or contrast medium would be:

A

Vomiting

110
Q

The two kidneys lie:

A

Behind the peritoneum

111
Q

The site where ureters enter the bladder is termed the _________ junction.

A

Ureterovesical

112
Q

The left kidney is ____ and _____ than the right

A

longer and narrower

113
Q

Where is the IR centered for an AP axial projection of the urinary bladder (cystogram)?

A

2” above the upper border of the symphysis pubis

114
Q

What is the central ray angulation for the PA axial urinary bladder?

A

10 to 15° cephalad

115
Q

Compression should not be used during an IVU if the patient has a(n): 1. Iodine allergy; 2. Aneurysm; 3. Colostomy

A

2 and 3

116
Q

Within how many minutes does contrast medium appear in the pelvicalyceal system?

A

2 to 8

117
Q

All of the following projections are used during a cystogram, except:

AP oblique
Lateral
AP
PA oblique

A

PA oblique

118
Q

What is secreted by the suprarenal glands?

A

Epinephrine

119
Q

Which decubitus position is commonly used during an IVU examination to demonstrate the ureteropelvic junction?

A

Dorsal decubitus

120
Q

Where is the compression applied during an IVU?

A

Distal ends of the ureters

121
Q

What is the central ray angle for the AP oblique projections of the urinary system?

A

0 degrees

122
Q

How much is the patient rotated from the supine for an AP oblique projection of the urinary system?

A

30 degrees

123
Q

What is the essential projection used for a cystourethrogram on a male patient?

A

AP oblique

124
Q

How much will the kidneys drop in the change from the supine to the upright position?

A

2 inches

125
Q

Which of the following serves as a filter for the blood in the kidney?

A

Glomerulus

126
Q

Which technique is used to get contrast medium into the urinary bladder for a cystogram?

A

Retrograde filling technique

127
Q

Significant reactions to contrast media include: 1. Nausea; 2. Vomiting; 3. Edema of the respiratory mucous membrane.

A

1, 2, and 3

128
Q

A severe reaction to a medication or contrast medium would be:

A

Anaphylactic reaction

129
Q

The technique of injecting contrast media into a vein and taking radiographic images of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder is termed:

A

Intravenous urography

130
Q

In which body habitus type is the stomach almost horizontal and high in the abdomen?

A

Hypersthenic

131
Q

Which curvature is located on the right (medial) border of the stomach?

A

Lesser

132
Q

Which area is the most superior part of the stomach?

A

Fundus

133
Q

Which area is the most inferior part of the stomach?

A

Pylorus

134
Q

The distal esophagus empties its contents into what part of the stomach?

A

Cardiac antrum

135
Q

Which opening is located between the stomach and small intestines?

A

Pyloric orifices

136
Q

Which opening is at the distal end of the small intestine?

A

ileocecal orifice

137
Q

Which structure is the proximal part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

138
Q

Which structure is the distal part of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

139
Q

In which abdominal region does the large intestine originate?

A

Right iliac

140
Q

Which structure is the proximal part of the large intestine?

A

Cecum

141
Q

Which structure is the pouch like part of the large intestine situated below the junction of the ileum and the colon?

A

Cecum

142
Q

Approximately how long does it take the first part of barium meal to reach the ileocecal valve?

A

2-3 hours

143
Q

Approximately how long does it usually take a barium meal to reach the rectum?

A

24 hours

144
Q

Which two imaging modalities are most commonly used to examine the alimentary canal after the introduction of a barium product?

A

Flouroscopy and radiography

145
Q

Which type of contrast medium is most commonly used for examining the upper GI tract?

A

A barium sulfate suspension

146
Q

To demonstrate swallowing function best, in which position should the patient be placed to begin the fluoroscopic phase of single-contrast exams of the esophagus?

A

Upright

147
Q

Which two recumbent oblique positions can be used to demonstrate best an unobstructed image of a barium-filled esophagus between the vertebrae and the heart?

A

RAO and LPO

148
Q

What is a major advantage of double-contrast UGI exam over single-contrast UGI exam?

A

Small lesions on the mucosal lining are better demonstrated

149
Q

Which description refers to the biphasic GI exams?

A

Combination single-contrast and double-contrast study of the upper GI track

150
Q

Which body habits produces the greatest visceral movement when a patient is moved from the prone position to the upright position?

A

Asthenic

151
Q

For the PA projection as part of the UGI exam, why should the lower lung fields be included on a 14x17 in IR?

A

To demonstrate a possible hiatal hernia

152
Q

For the double contrast UGI exam, which projection produces the best image of a gas filled duodenal bulb and pyloric canal?

A

AP oblique projection, and recumbent LPO position

153
Q

For the single contrast UGI exam with the patient recumbent, which projection produces the best image of a barium filled pyloric canal and duodenal bulb in patients whose habits approximates the sthenic type?

A

PA oblique projection, RAO position

154
Q

For the UGI exam with the patient recumbent which projection best stimulates gastric peristalsis to demonstrate the pyloric canal and duodenal bulb better?

A

PA oblique projection, RAO position

155
Q

Which breathing procedure should the patient perform when UGI images are taken?

A

Suspended expiration

156
Q

For the double contrast UGI exam with the patient recumbent, which projection produces the best image of a gas filled fundus?

A

PA oblique projection, RAO position

157
Q

For the UGI examination with the patient recumbent, which projection best demonstrates the right retro-gastric space

A

Right lateral projection

158
Q

For the AP projection with the patient supine, which procedure should be performed to demonstrate best diaphragmatic herniation?

A

Tilt the table and the patient into a full trensdelenburg position

159
Q

To which level of the patient should the central ray be directed for the PA oblique projection, RAO position, as part of the UGI exam?

A

L1-L2

160
Q

Which exam of the alimentary canal requires that a series of images be taken at specific time intervals after the ingestion of the contrast medium?

A

Small bowel series

161
Q

For a small bowel series of a patient with hypomotility of the small intestine, which procedure should be performed to accelerate peristalsis?

A

Instruct the patient to drink a glass of ice water

RADT 157 Procedures & Positioning (4 decks)

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