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CONTRAST MEDIA/SENSITIVITY TESTING/BARIUM SULFATE Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is a special procedure?

A

Radiographic exam that uses contrast media

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2
Q

Substances that have a high/low anatomic number. They also fill out hollow organs and make them appear during a rad. exam

A

Contrast Media

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3
Q

2 types of contrast media

A

Positive & negative contrast media

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4
Q

2 types of contrast media

A

Positive & negative contrast media

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5
Q

Difference bet. positive & negative contrast media

A

POSITIVE
- have high anatomic no
-appear white
-radiopaque

NEGATIVE
-have low anatomic number
- appear black
-radiolucent

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6
Q

What are the common substances in Contrast Media?

A

Air & Gases
Heavy Metallic Salts
Inorganic Iodide
Organic Iodide
Iodized Oil (non-absorbable)
Iodized Oil (absorbable)

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7
Q

Describe air & gases

A

examples are C02 and Oxygen and is used in pneumoventriculography

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8
Q

Describe heavy metallic salts

A

example is barium sulfate w/c is used in barium enema, swallow, follow through

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9
Q

Uses sodium iodide & is used in intravenous pyelography

A

Inorganic iodide

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10
Q

Uses iohexol & iodixanol. Is also used in cerebral angio.

A

Organic iodide

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11
Q

Uses liopodol & iodlochrol & usually used in sialography

A

Iodized oil (non-absorbable)

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12
Q

When is iodized oil (absorbable) used and what are the examples

A

Used in bronchography and examples are dionoxil & pantopaque

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13
Q

What are the different forms of contrast media?

A

tablet, solution, powder

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14
Q

What are the good qualities of Contrast Media

A
  • Toxicity
  • Iodine Content
  • Viscosity
  • Persistence
  • Miscibility
  • Type of Ionic Salt
  • Osmolality
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15
Q

What are the 3 routes used in Contrast Media

A

Enteral
Intubation
Parenteral Injection

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16
Q

What are the different types of the enteral route?

A

oral & rectal

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17
Q

What are the different intubation routes?

A

Nasogastric tube & t-tube catheter

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18
Q

What are the different parenteral injections

A

Intra-aterial
Intravenous
Intrathecal

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19
Q

It is the injection that needs percutaneous access to the arteries

A

Intra-anteral injection

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20
Q

Injection to the veins

A

intravenous injection

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21
Q

Injection using a spinal needle into the subarachnoid space

A

Intrathecal injection

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22
Q

What are the rights of contrast media

A

right drug
amount
time
patient
route

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23
Q

Process of introducing 1cc/ml of pure contrast media to patient

A

sensitivity testing

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24
Q

what are the methods of sensitivity testing

A

sclera, sublingual, intradermal & intravenous

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25
Describe the sclera method of sensitivity testing
it is introducing 1 drop of sclera to the eye. common side effects include redness, swelling & irritation of the eye
26
Describe the sublingual method of sensitivity testing
1 drop of contrast media to the inferior base of the tongue. Side effects could include swelling, irritation & salivation
27
Describe the intradermal method of sensitivity testing
1 cc injected to patient. Side effects are skin irritation, vomiting & swelling
28
Describe the intravenous method of sensitivity testing
1cc injected to the vein of patient. side effects are nausea, dizziness and vomitting
29
What are the different reactions to contrast media
Side effects mild reaction moderate reaction severe reaction
30
What are the side effects of contrast media
temporary hot flashes metallic taste in the mouth
31
describe a mild reaction
no allergic reaction doesnt need drug intervention eg. mild erythema
32
Describe a moderate reaction
true allergic reaction needs drug intervention eg. brady/tachy, bronchospasm, urticaria
33
describe a severe reaction
life-threatening medical emergency eg. brady, hypotensions
34
what are the 3 medications used in contrast media
allergic reactions anticonvolusants antiarrythmics
35
examples of allergy medications
diphenhydramine cortisone acetate epinephrine methylprednisolone
36
examples of anticonvolusant medications
diazepam, fosphenytoin
37
examples of antiarrhythmic medications
amiodarone (pacerone) lidocaine quinidine
38
The year in which is it was tested that contrast media can be used to study the GIT
1896
39
What substance was first used in the study of GIT
BISMUTH NITRATE
40
Who reported that it was beneficial to study the GIT using contrast
Walter Canon
41
What year did the advantages of using barium sulfate as contrast came out
1910
42
Describe barium sulfate
BaSO4 64 as atomic number appears white on radiograph non-absorbable causes constipation
43
qualities of barium sulfate
relatively cheap non-absorbable less irritating high anatomic number
44
disadvantage of using barium sulfate
colloidal suspension or inability to dissolve in water
45
disadvantage of using barium sulfate
colloidal suspension or inability to dissolve in water
46
contraindications of barium sulfate
suspected perforated viscus scheduled surgery after exam large bowel obstruction
47
what is the alternative to barium sulfate
water soluble iodinated contrast medium
48
whats the disadvantage of using the alternative of barium sulfate
bitter taste faster transit time in GIT
49
what are the different mixtures of barium sulfate & explain
Paste - 3/4 barium 1/4 water Thick - 1/2 barium 1/2 water Thin - 1/4 barium 3/4 water Milk - 2 tbsp of barium mixed in a glass of water
50
What are the different types of barium sulfate contrast study?
Single Study Double Study Dual study Filling Phase study Mucosal Phase Study
51
Whats the difference between single, double and dual studies
Single - uses 1 CM Double - uses 2 CM Dual - uses 2 CM and is introduced in different manners
52
What's the difference between filling phase & mucosal phase studies?
FILLING - uses small amount of CM to coat the lining membrane of the hollow organ MUCOSAL - uses the full dose of CM for gen. outline (size, shape, position)
53
What's another term for scout film
Initial Film Preliminary Film Survey Film Plain Film
54
He injected air into the cerebral ventricles of children w/ hydrocephalus
Walter Dandy (1918)
55
What are the common radiolucent contrast media?
Carbonated beverages Room air oxygen nitrous oxide Carbon dioxide
56
air can cause what?
emboli
57
What are the 2 gas-producing crystals?
Calcium carbonated crystal Magnesium citrate
58
Describe tracheoesophageal fistula
it is the abnormal passageway between the trachea & the esophagus
59
explain the esophageal stenosis
abnormal narrowing of the esophagus
60
explain esophageal atresia
abnormal closure of a part of esophagus
61
explain achalasia
esophageal peristalsis is reduced to 2/3 of the esophagus
62
explain foreign bodies
ingestion of bolus of food, metallic objects & other
63
explain barett's esophagus
there's thinning in the esophagus & esophageal peristalsis is reduced to 2/3 of the esophagus
64
explain esophageal carcinoma
CA of the esophagus
65
Explain esophageal varices
dilation of the veins on the distal esophagus
66
dysphagia
difficulty in eating
67
zenker's diverticulum
large out-pouching in the esophagus just above the esophageal sphincter
68
What is GERD?
food & other gastric contents are going back to the esophagus due to the weakness of the esophageal sphincter
69
What is tertiary peristalsis
rapid peristalsis
70
What is hiatal hernia
protusion of the esophagus towards the skin
71
caustic esophagitis
irritation of the inner lining of the esophagus due to the ingestion of caustic substances
72
describe cardio-esophageal incompetence
insufficient control of the cardiac sphincter resulting in the reflux of food
73
What happens during internal preparation og the patient?
Nothing. You don't need to do a preliminary prep. for esophagography
74
What happens during external preparation?
take history remove clothing & metallic objects wear gown

CONTRAST (3 decks)

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