contribution Flashcards
(26 cards)
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of psychology. Focused on Structuralism, structure of introspection and consciousness, emphasizing study of mind
William James
Father of psychology. How mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment. Explored the purposes of the mind and behavior.
– Darwin’s theory of evolution: Natural
selection.
-THEORIES OF EMOTION:
- we feel emotions because of how our body reacts to a situation. see a scary snake, body shakes. You feel scared because you notice your shaking. physical reaction comes first, and then emotion
Ivan Pavlov
classical conditioning. Experiments with dogs: a neutral stimulus, paired with an unconditioned stimulus, can trigger a conditioned response. Discovered how animals (and people) can learn by association. dogs learned to associate the bell with food, a process called classical conditioning.
B.F Skinner
Behaviorist. Operant conditioning. He explored how rewards and punishments shape behavior.
John B. Watson
founding behaviorism. Behaviorist. Emphasized study of observable behavior rather than introspection. Little Albert experiment: how emotional responses could be conditioned+ experiment to study phobias. phobias can be learned through association, similar to Pavlov’s classical conditioning. helped understand how fears can be created
Alfred Binet
developed first intelligence test, the Binet-Simon Scale. Laid foundation for modern intelligence testing
IQ. INTELLIGENCE TESTS:
* Stanford-Binet Test
– Mental Age (MA)
Noam Chomsky
We are biologically hardwired for language. linguist and cognitive scientist. ability to acquire language is innate to humans.
Jean Piaget
theory of cognitive development. children go through four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Children actively construct their cognitive world using: Schemas, Assimilation, Accommodation
Harry Harlow
Research on attachment. study with rhesus monkeys showed the importance of contact comfort in the development of attachment between infants and caregivers. experiment with baby rhesus monkeys preferred a soft, comforting “mother” over a wire “mother” that provided food. demonstrated that comfort and emotional security were more important than just basic needs like food in forming attachments.
John Bowbly
developed the attachment theory, describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, especially between children and their caregivers. explains how the bond between children and their caregivers affects their emotional and social development.
-Secure Attachment: Kids feel safe and confident
-Insecure Attachment: kids may struggle with trust and relationships later in life.
Erik Eriskson
theory of psychosocial development. proposed eight stages of development from infancy to adulthood. Each stage involves a conflict that must be resolved to grow emotionally and socially.
-Infancy (Trust vs. Mistrust)
-Toddlerhood (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt)
-Preschool (Initiative vs. Guilt)
-Elementary School (Industry vs. Inferiority)
-Adolescence (Identity vs. Role Confusion)
-Young Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation)
-Middle Adulthood (Generativity vs. Stagnation)
-Late Adulthood (Integrity vs. Despair)
Lawrence Kohlberg
theory of moral development, outlines how individuals progress through stages of moral reasoning. Presented moral dilemmas and analyzed responses:
* Preconventional
– Behavior guided by punishments and rewards
* Conventional
– Standards learned from parents and society
* Postconventional
– Personal moral code that recognizes alternative options
Mary Ainsworth
known for her work on the attachment theory, through the Strange Situation procedure, which identified different types of attachment styles in infants. strange Situation Test:
– Caregivers leave infant alone with stranger, then return
– Secure attachment or insecure attachment?
James Marcia
identity development, expanded on Erikson’s theory by identifying four identity statuses:
– Identity Diffusion: no exploration or commitment
– Identity Foreclosure: commitment without exploration
– Identity Moratorium: exploration without commitment
– Identity Achievement: commitment after exploration
Abraham Maslow
known for his hierarchy of needs, proposed that human motivation is driven by a series of needs, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
Humanistic approaches.
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: Physiological needs, Safety, Love and belongness, Esteem, Self Actualization
Sigmund Freud
founder of psychoanalysis. psychodynamic approach. introduced concepts such as the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and the id, ego, and superego. theory on psychosexual development. Psychoanalytic Theory suggests that our emotions and behaviors are influenced by unconscious thoughts and feelings. believed that our personality develops through a series of stages, each focused on different parts of our body. Psychosexual Stages: we pass through five stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) and that conflicts during these stages shape our adult personality.
Alfred Adler
founded individual psychology. emphasized importance of feelings of inferiority and the drive for superiority in shaping personality. Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology:
– Perfection, not pleasure, is key motivator
– Compensation, social interest
– Role of birth order
feeling inferior motivate us to improve ourselves. emphasized social interest, feeling connected to and contributing to others is good for mental health. He thought early experiences and family dynamics influence our personality and how we handle challenges. highlight the importance of understanding the whole person and their social environment.
Carl Rogers
humanistic, emphasized the importance of a supportive therapeutic environment and unconditional positive regard for personal growth.
Positive human qualities and capacity for growth
* Free will, personal choice
Raw ingredients vs. right conditions
– Personal growth and self- determination
– Unconditional positive regard
* Conditions of worth
* Self-concept
– Empathy
– Genuineness
Emphasize conscious experience
Karen Horney
psychoanalyst who challenged Freud’s views on women and neurosis. introduced the concept of neurotic needs and emphasized the role of cultural and social factors in personality development.
* Karen Horney’s Sociocultural Approach
– Both sexes envy the attributes of the other
– Need for security, not sex, is primary motivator
Gordon Allport
trait theorist focused on understanding personality through individual traits. personality is composed of cardinal, central, and secondary traits. influence how we behave. believed each person is unique and our current goals and experiences shape our personality, not just our past. valued looking at individuals as whole people rather than just traits.
– Each person unique in capacity to adapt
– Personality understood through traits
– Behavior consistent across situations
-Lexical approach –>4500 traits
-W. T. Norman –> five factors
Albert Bandura
social learning theory, concept of observational learning and the idea of self-efficacy, the belief in one’s ability to succeed.
Social Cognitive Theory
* Four Processes of Observational Learning
Attention(Watching), Retention(Remembering), Motor reproduction(do the behavior), Reinforcement(Repeating the behavior)
Behavior, environment, and cognitive factors interact to create personality, cycle where all three parts constantly interact and affect each other.
Walter Mischel
concept of the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS), emphasizes the interaction between cognitive and affective processes in determining behavior.
– Situationism
* Behavior and personality vary considerably across contexts
CAPS Model: behavior depends on how we think and feel in different situations. Instead of having fixed traits, our actions change based on the context and our internal responses.
-Marshmallow Test: experiment, kids chose between one marshmallow now or wait to get two later. Kids who wait did better in life= self-control can lead to success.
personality is more about adapting to situations than having consistent traits
Solomon Asch
research on conformity, demonstrated powerful influence of group pressure on individuals’ opinions and decisions. In Solomon Asch’s experiment, participants asked to compare the length of lines and choose which one matched a standard line. correct answer was clear, other people in the group purposely gave incorrect answers. many participants went along with the group’s wrong answers, even when they knew the correct answer. demonstrated how people often conform to group opinions, even when they know those opinions are incorrect.
Philip Zimbardo
Stanford prison experiment, explored effects of situational factors on behavior. research highlighted how people can conform to roles and engage in behaviors they would not typically exhibit.
college students played guards or prisoners in a fake prison. Guards became abusive, prisoners showed severe stress, highlights how powerful social roles and situations can be. people can act in extreme ways based on their roles and the situation. behavior isn’t just about personal traits but also about the environment and roles people are placed in. studied how people’s views on time affect their decisions and behavior.
