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control and coordination - nerves Flashcards

1
Q

how do animals increase their chance of survival

A

by responding to changes in their external environment
eg. by avoiding places that are too hot or too cold

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2
Q

what is a stimulus

A

a change in an animals surroundings

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3
Q

what is a response

A

a reaction to a stimulus (change)

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4
Q

what is the change in environment detected by

A

a receptor organ

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5
Q

what is the response brought about by

A

an effector organ

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6
Q

what links the receptor and effector

A

a coordination system (nervous system)

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7
Q

what is the order from a stimulus to a response

A

stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neurone -> relay neurone (CNS) -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

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8
Q

what is the role of any receptor

A

to detect the stimulus by changing energy into the electrical energy of nerve impulses

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9
Q

what is transduction

A

when energy is changed from one form into another
-> all receptors are transducers of energy

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10
Q

what is the receptor and effector organ of a ball being thrown at you

A

receptor: eyes
effector: muscles in hand

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11
Q

what is the receptor and effector organ of a bright light

A

receptor: eyes
effector: muscles in eyes contract (radial and circular muscles)

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12
Q

what is the receptor and effector organ of smelling food and becoming hungry

A

receptor: nose
effector: salivary gland releases saliva

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13
Q

what is the receptor and effector organ of dim light

A

receptor: eyes
effector: radial and circular muscles

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14
Q

what energy is being transduced when the receptor is eyes (retina)

A

light

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15
Q

what energy is being transduced when the receptor is ear (organ of hearing)

A

sound

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16
Q

what energy is being transduced when the receptor is ear (organ of balance)

A

kinetic

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17
Q

what energy is being transduced when the receptor is tongue (taste buds)

A

chemical

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18
Q

what energy is being transduced when the receptor is nose (organ of smell)

A

chemical

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19
Q

what energy is being transduced when the receptor is skin (touch/pressure/pain)

A

kinetic

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20
Q

what energy is being transduced when the receptor is skin (temp receptors)

A

heating

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21
Q

what energy is being transduced when the receptor is muscle (stretch receptors)

A

kinetic

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22
Q

what does the human nervous system consist of

A
  • central nervous system (CNS) -> brain and spinal chord
  • peripheral nervous system (PNS) -> all of the nerves in the body
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23
Q

what do impulses from receptors pass along

A

pass along nerves containing sensory neurones (nerve cells) until they reach the brain and spinal chord

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24
Q

how is information sent through the nervous system

A

as electrical impulses

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25
what are electrical impulses
electrical signals that pass along neurones
26
what is a bundle of neurones known as
a nerve
27
what are the impulses that pass along a neurone a movement of
a movement of charged particles (ions) in and out of the neurone
28
where do nerves spread out to
spread out from the CNS to all other regions of the body and importantly, to all the sense organs
29
what do most neurones do
transmit impulses to muscles and glands
30
what does the CNS act as
a central coordinating centre for the impulses that come in from (or are sent out to) any part of the body
31
speed of impulses?
travel at speeds between 10 and 100 m/s
32
what are the three types of neurone
- sensory neurone - relay neurone - motor neurone
33
what is the cell body (of a general neurone)
where nucleus and main organelles are found
34
what is the axon
main long fibre of the neurone that carries impulses
35
what are dendrites
- these extend out of the cell body of the neurone and at the far end of the axon - these fibres carry impulses and allow neurones to connect with lots of other neurones. forming a network for easy communications - thus, forming junctions with each other, cell bodies or sensory receptors
36
what are synapses
- junctions between dendrons/dendrites/axon terminals - allow impulse to pass across
37
what are nodes (of ranvier) and myelin sheath
- the axon is insulated by the fatty myelin sheath with small uninsulated sections along the length called nodes - meaning the electrical impulses does not travel down the whole axon - the impulse jumps from one gap (node of ranvier) to the next - also allows nerve impulses to move quicker
38
adaptations of neurones
- long -> travel over large distances -> allows quick and accurate communication and response - myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator -> increases speed of transmission - projections and divisions (dendrites) -> communication to other neurones/increase surface area - gaps -> move quicker (nodes) -> instead of gradually moving through, can jump from one node to the next - lots of mitochondria in nerve cells -> provide energy for synthesis of neurotransmitters (pass messages across synapse)
39
sensory neurone:
- carries an electrical impulse from the receptor to a relay neurone (CNS) - cell body in middle of axon (branching off axon) - receptor cells are present to detect stimuli (heat/touch/light) - longer axon, longer dendrites, allowing greater connection
40
relay neurone:
- carries electrical impulse from sensory neurone to motor neurone - part of CNS - coordinates a response - shorter, small cell body with dendrites branching off
41
motor neurone:
- carries electrical impulse from relay neurone to effector organ -> brings about a response - cell body is at one end (nearest relay neurone) - long axon (much longer than dendrites) - dendrites branching off cell body -> connects to lots of relay neurones
42
symptoms of someone with motor neurone disease (means motor neurones are not working correctly)
- loss of movement - weakness - slurred speech - weakened grip - tiredness - muscle twitches - trouble swallowing
43
what does the reflex arc not involve
dos not involved the conscious part of the brain
44
what is a reflex action
a rapid, automatic (or involuntary) response to a stimulus
45
why do we have a reflex arc
to protect the body in some way
46
what part of the CNS does a reflex action use
- it is not started by impulses from the brain - it only uses the spinal chord
47
what is the nerve pathway for a reflex action
a reflex arc
48
where does the reflex arc go
the pathway goes into the CNS and comes straight back out (like a curve/arc)
49
how quick is the reflex action
almost instantaneous in response to the stimuli
50
example of a reflex response
- hand touches a hot candle (flame) - reflex results in your hand being quickly withdrawn from flame
51
order of reflex arc (eg. of someone touching a pin)
1) the persons finger touches the pin 2) the pain receptors in the skin detect pain 3) impulses travel up the sensory neurone to the spinal chord 4) impulses travel from the spinal chord down the motor neurone 5) the impulses reach the bicep muscle. they cause the muscle to contract (get smaller) 6) the arm lifts up away from the pin
52
how does the nervous system work
- stimulus is detected by temperature, pressure or pain receptors in the skin - generate impulses in the sensory neurone - impulses enter CNS - sensory neurones connect by synapses with short relay neurones - these connect via synapses with motor neurones - send impulses to the effector (muscles in the arm, withdrawing hand)
53
what does the middle part of the spinal cord consist of
mainly nerve cell bodies (grey colour)
54
what does the outer part of the spinal cord contain
many axons with their fatty myelin sheaths (white colour) acting as an insulator to prevent short circuiting
55
how quickly do impulses travel through the reflex arc
in a fraction of a second
56
where do impulses in the reflex arc not need to go through
the brain
57
why do we feel pain, in a reflex reaction, even though impulses don’t go through the brain
the brain is still aware of it
58
what do reflex arc neurones form
synapses, with nerve cells leading to and from the brain
59
what is voluntary action
under conscious control -> brain is involved in response
60
is a reflex reaction voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
61
is a normal reaction voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
62
path of impulse in reflex reaction
sensory nerves bypass brain and go up to spinal cord
63
path of impulse in normal reaction
reaction takes place through sensory nerves that bring back message from brain to the motor neurone
64
is reflex reaction or normal reaction faster
reflex
65
why are reflex reactions beneficial
they protect from harm and damage -> allows you to react faster to a stimulus
66
why do neurones not some into direct contact
to ensure the impulses travel in one direction
67
what are synapses
links between neurones
68
in the brain, what can each neurone do and what does it mean
form synapses with thousands of other neurones -> this means there are lots of different paths to take
69
order of what happens at a synapse
1) electrical impulse travels along axon 2) vesicles containing neurotransmitters move to the membrane of neurone 1 and fuse -> release the neurotransmitters 3) neurotransmitters chemically diffuse across synaptic cleft 4) neurotransmitters bind to receptors on neurone 2 membrane 5) chemical neurotransmitters are converted back to electrical impulses -> starts impulse down neurone 2 6) enzymes in neurone 2 breakdown neurotransmitters -> stops repeated impulses being sent
70
because chemicals cross synapses, what does this mean
it’s easy for other chemicals to interfere with how they work
71
how does paracetamol affect synapses
assumed that it blocks certain pathways that transmit pain from pain receptors in the body
72
what does dopamine do
- addictive drugs increase dopamine production in the brain - gives a feeling of happiness and relaxation
73
what does noradrenaline do
can be used to increase very low blood pressure
74
how does nicotine affect the body
- mimics acetylcholine, increases alertness, cognition and focus, but then results in brain abnormalities - stimulating acetylcholine can help with the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
75
how does alcohol affect the body
slows down reaction time
76
outline an experiment that could be used to investigate how noise affects reaction speed (CORMSS)
C - volume in room - silent/talking/shouting O - same person/same age of person R - repeat 3x for each volume and calculate average M - place where ruler was caught using mm S - same length of ruler / material of ruler / height dropped from S - same temperature of environment / time of day
77
how to find reaction time
1) experimenter holds ruler vertically between subjects first finger and thumb 2) experimenter drops ruler and subject must catch it between finger and thumb 3) repeat 5x 4) repeat with eyes closed

biology (26 decks)

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