Control of Breathing

Question 1

What is the path of action potentials in the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Sensors to respiratory centres to effectors

Question 2

How can one adjust their breathing?

Answer 2

Change in rate
Change in respiratory motor nerve activity

Question 3

What are respiratory centres?

Answer 3

Multi sub nuclei within the medulla oblongata

Question 4

How is physiological pH established?

Answer 4

By the communion of O2 and CO2

Question 5

What may be relayed to the following inhalation?

Answer 5

Deviations from the set point

Question 6

What part of the brain is critical for automatic breathing?

Answer 6

Medulla oblongata

Question 7

What part of the brain is required for perfect breathing?

Answer 7

The pons

Question 8

What are the pillars of the respiratory control system?

Answer 8

Chemical control
Protective receptors
Complex functions

Question 9

What is the dominant message sent to the respiratory control system?

Answer 9

Chemical control

Question 10

What is the main role of chemical control?

Answer 10

Blood gas homeostasis

Question 11

Name a complex function of the respiratory control system?

Answer 11

speech

Question 12

Name a protective response of the respiratory control system

Answer 12

Cough

Question 13

What are the two major influences of breathing?

Answer 13

CNS
Sensory queuing

Question 14

What is alveolar ventilation usually coupled with?

Answer 14

Whole body metabolism

Question 15

What is the role of suprapontine structures?

Answer 15

Send direct and indirect neural circuits to respiratory centres

Question 16

Give an example of a suprapontine site.

Answer 16

Amygdala

Question 17

What is another way that suprapontine sites function?

Answer 17

Hijacking motor pathways

Question 18

Define hyperventilation.

Answer 18

Breathing in excess of metabolic needs

Question 19

What does hyperventilation cause and what does this lead to?

Answer 19

Hypocapnia
Creates acid-base disturbance

Question 20

Define hyperpnoea.

Answer 20

Increased breathing that matches the metabolic needs

Question 21

Define tachypnoea.

Answer 21

Increased respiratory rate above normal; often shallow, rapid breathing

Question 22

What is tachypnoea detected by?

Answer 22

J receptors

Question 23

What is the role of J receptors?

Answer 23

Detect pulmonary congestion in lungs

Question 24

Define hypoventilation.

Answer 24

Breathing sufficient to meet metabolic needs yet decreased rate of breathing

Question 25

What does hypoventilation cause?

Answer 25

Hypercapnia

Question 26

Define apnoea.

Answer 26

Absence of air flow due to lack of respiratory effort or airway obstruction

Question 27

What is a common cause of apnoea?

Answer 27

Opioid overdose

Question 28

Define dyspnoea.

Answer 28

Laboured breathing/shortness of breath

Question 29

What causes dyspnoea?

Answer 29

Passive lack of movement of thoracic structures

Question 30

Which part of the brain is a relay station for afferent information?

Answer 30

NTS

Question 31

What is the function of the pre Botzinger Complex?

Answer 31

Generates rhythm Inspiratory oscillator

Question 32

What is the role of the ventral respiratory group?

Answer 32

Inspiratory and expiratory neural activity

Question 33

What is the function of the Botzinger complex?

Answer 33

Expiratory centre

Question 34

What is the conditional oscillator/expiratory centre in the brain?

Answer 34

Parafacial respiratory gorup

Question 35

Which muscles are obligatory to be used during respiration?

Answer 35

Inspiratory muscles i.e. diaphragm

Question 36

Which muscles are conditional muscles in respiration?

Answer 36

Expiratory muscles such as abdominals

Question 37

When are expiratory muscles used?

Answer 37

Only during active breathing

Question 38

Where in the brain is a chemosensitive CO2 site?

Answer 38

Retrotrapezoid nucleus

Question 39

What does the post-inspiratory complex do?

Answer 39

Controls early post inspiratory outflow

Question 40

During respiration, what is the role of the inspiratory oscillator?

Answer 40

Generates spontaneous inspiratory rhythm

Question 41

What is the respiratory pattern determined by?

Answer 41

Network activity Neuromodulation

Question 42

What are the three phases of respiration?

Answer 42

Inspiratory phase Early expiration phase Late expiration phase

Question 43

Describe the inspiratory phase of respiration

Answer 43

Critical for ventilation Activates obligatory and accessory muscles Upper airway dilation facilitates airflow

Question 44

Describe the early expiratory phase of respiration

Answer 44

Critical for slowing of expiratory flow Laryngeal narrowing protects functional residual capacity

Question 45

Describe the late expiratory phase of respiration

Answer 45

Essential for active breathing Abdominal muscle recruitment facilitates large tidal volume