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animal genetics and reproduction physiology > control of reproduction in the female > Flashcards

control of reproduction in the female Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

when does puberty start?

A

It has many definitions:

age at the first heat
age at the first ovulation

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2
Q

what is the Oestrous cycle?

A

the series of recurring reproductive events - controlled by reproductive hormones

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3
Q

what is the oestrus phase in the oestrous cycle?

A

the period of sexual receptivity, also known as heat

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4
Q

what are the different types of cyclicity ?

A

polyoestrus

seasonally polyoestrus

monoestrus

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5
Q

what does polyoestrus mean?

A

regular oestrous cycles throughout the year

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6
Q

what does seasonally polyoestrus mean?

A

regular oestrous cycles in certain seasons of the year

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7
Q

what does monoestrus mean?

A

one oestrous cycle in certain seasons of the year

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8
Q

what does anoestrus mean?

A

it is the period without cyclicity

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9
Q

when can anoestrus occur?

A

seasonally

during gestation

during lactation

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10
Q

what is the oestrous cycle split into?

A

oestrus:
sexually receptive
oestrogen (E2)

dioestrus:
not sexually receptive
progesterone (P4)

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11
Q

how long does each oestrous cycle last?

A

cow, sow, mare = 21 days

ewe = 17 days

queen = 20 - 40 days variable

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12
Q

when does the oestrus part of the oestrous cycle begin?

A

cow and sow = day 20

ewe = day 16

mare = day 18

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13
Q

what are the 2 phases of the oestrous cycle?

A

follicular

luteal

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14
Q

what is the follicular phase?

A

occurs after luteolysis
follicle development
hormones involved = FSH + LH = increase oestrogen
in the oestrus phase

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15
Q

what is the luteal phase?

A

after ovulation
active corpus luteum
hormones involved = P4
during dioestrus phase

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16
Q

what are the physiological changes in the oestrous cycle?

A

endocrine

genital tract

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17
Q

what are the behavioural changes during the oestrous cycle?

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A

oestrus vs dioestrus

18
Q

what is responsible for endocrine system changes?

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A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

19
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

Study These Flashcards
A

secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

20
Q

what is the pituitary gland responsible for in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

Study These Flashcards
A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

luteinising hormone (LH)

21
Q

what is the ovary responsible for in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

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A

oestrogens (oestradiol 17B)

progesterone

22
Q

what is the uterus responsible for in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

Study These Flashcards
A

prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a)

prostaglandin E2 (PGFE2)

23
Q

how does the pineal gland effect endocrine changes?

Study These Flashcards
A

detects changes in daylight

produces melatonin during hours of darkness

Short days (autumn/ winter) = high melatonin

Long days (spring/ summer) = low melatonin

24
Q

what occurs during short days?

Study These Flashcards
A

short days = high melatonin - feeds back to hypothalamus

long day breeders = inhibits HPG axis

short day breeders = excites HPG axis
causing increase in GnRH

25
what occurs during long days?
long days = low melatonin - feeds back to the hypothalamus long day breeders = excites HPG axis causing an increase in GnRH short day breeders = inhibits HPG axis
26
what is the gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GnRH) responsible for?
acts on the anterior pituitary, causing physiological effects small amount of GnRH goes to the central nervous system: causing a behavioural effect secreted from the hypothalamus
27
what is the episodic release of GnRH and reproductive hormone?
during tonic (basal) secretions: small pulses frequent and consistent (hours) causing low oestrogen in a negative feedback loop and high progesterone during the preovulatory surge: low progesterone and high oestrogen in a positive feedback loop.
28
what is the purpose of FSH?
drives follicle development controlled by GnRH = increase FSH progesterone = decrease FSH acts on granulosa cells
29
what is the purpose of LH?
drives follicle development and oestrogen secretion cause theca cell activity causes ovulation and subsequent CL formation controlled by: increase GnRH = increase LH increase oestrogen = increase LH progesterone = decrease in LH
30
what occurs prior to ovulaiton?
increase in GnRH decrease in progesterone increase in oestrogen 1 large LH pre-ovulatory peak oestrus ends a day after ovulation
31
what causes ovulation?
most mammals experience a short peak the mare experiences a prolonged peak peak = day after ovulation oestrus ends 2 days after ovulation (D2)
32
purpose of oestrogen ( oestradiol) (E2)
drives oestrus control increase of FSH and LH positive feedback to increase LH negative feedback to decrease FSH secreted by large follicles
33
purpose of progesterone?
acts to prepare for pregnancy therefore inhibits the HPG axis reduces LH and FSH if pregnant, then CL and P4 remain it plateaus during the luteal phase to allow the oestrus phase.
34
what occurs if the woman is not pregnant?
there will be a reduction in progesterone the removal will result in an increase in FSH causing the oestrogen to increase at the start of the next oestrus phase LH will then increase to induce ovulation to knock out the corpus luteum need a luteolytic agent - PGF2a.
35
what is the purpose of prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a)
causes luteolysis at the corpus luteum ends the luteal phase reduces progesterone ends inhibition of the HPG axis allows ovulation and the oestrus phase to occur
36
when does the prostaglandin increase?
21D cycle = D14/15 17D cycle = D13
37
what are the changes that occur during dioestrus?
prepare for implantation and pregnancy protect
38
what are the changes that occur during oestrus?
allow passage of penis encourage the movement of sperm to ovulated ova/ovum
39
what occurs during the dioestrus phase, under the influence of progesterone?
the cervix is tight, white and dry the uterine wall is thickened epithelium proliferates, cuboidal increase in endometrial gland activity = fluid in uterus increase tone
40
what are the genital tract changes?
vulva swells, reddening the cervix becomes loose, red/pink/ moist the uterus gets thinner walls epithelial cells columnar reduced endometrial gland activity = no fluid in the uterus flacci myometrial contractions
41
what are the behavioural changes?
dioestrus = hostility to male oestrus: increased locomotion docility acceptance of male urination stance raised tail mounting activity mare = lengthening and eversion of vulva clitoris winking quee = lordosis and vocalisation

animal genetics and reproduction physiology (5 decks)

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