Control, prevention and punishment

Question 1

What are the 4 types of punishment?

Answer 1

1- Deterrence
2- incapacitation
3- Rehabilitation
4- Retribution

Question 2

What is deterrence?

Answer 2

Bringing offenders to justice and publicly punishing them will encourage potential offenders to think twice

Question 3

What is incapacitation?

Answer 3

Protecting potential victims by stopping the offender from repeating their behaviour
- involves limiting offenders freedom- imprisonment

Question 4

What is rehabilitation?

Answer 4

Prevent offender from committing crimes in the future
- change attitudes, values and behaviour

Question 5

What is retribution?

Answer 5

Society giving fair and just punishment to offenders
- satisfying the desires of victim, friends and family
- similar to vengeance and revenge

Question 6

What did Durkheim mean by mechanical solidarity?

Answer 6

Individuals in society having similar moral values and their shared beliefs (collective conscience) was very strong
- these similarities held society together

Question 7

How was punishemnt administered ins society at this time?

Answer 7

Offenders were severely punished and generally all members of society accepted
and supported strong punishments
- have an important role of boundary maintenance

Question 8

How is organic solidarity different from mechanical and how does punishment differ?

Answer 8

People have more specialist roles and become interdependent du to these differences between people, collective conscience isn’t as strong

Question 9

What do Marxists mean when they say that forms of punishment change to meet the economic needs of society?

Answer 9

Correspond to the particular economic system in which they developed
- early middle ages main punishment involved religious penance and fines because workers were in high demand so this would benefit land owners

Question 10

Why did prison develop accoiidng to Marxists Melossi an Pavarin?

Answer 10

To impose discipline on workers, required in factories
- those who wouldn’t submit were sent to prison so they learned to be a subservient labour force- exploited by the RC

Question 11

How can we criticise the functionalist explanation of punishment?

Answer 11

X Assume there is a consensus, in reality there may be different views on morality, role of power/inequality of making the law

Question 12

How can we criticise the Marxist explanation of punishment?

Answer 12

X Simplistic explanation of the relationship between punishment and power- gender or ethnicity?

Question 13

What is Postmodernist Foucalt’s view of punishment?

Answer 13

Past- focus on the body, deterrent, torture, physical
Now- focus on mind
e.g. surveillance, sophisticated form, more effective, gives the state more power
- society is a huge panopticon, all prisoners

Question 14

What are the 4 ways of reducing the amount of crime in society?

Answer 14

1- Create more cohesive communities
2- Make crime harder to commit and make punishment harsher
3- Make society fairer and reduce the amount of relative deprivation
4- intervene and put measures in place in order to reduce the number of future deviants

Question 15

What crime prevention measure do left realists believe in?

Answer 15

Social and community crime prevention

Question 16

Left realism: Social and community crime prevention

Answer 16

Aim to address the economic and social causes of crime
- make society fairer, improve confidence in police
- identify future deviants, intervene to prevent crime in he future

Question 17

Examples of social and community prevention

Answer 17

Policies such as Sure start to reduce cultural and material deprivation
- more democratic and community control to win confidence in the police
- minimum pay legislation- fair

Question 18

What 2 types of crime prevention do right realists believe in?

Answer 18

Situational
Environmental

Question 19

What is situational crime prevention?

Answer 19

Increase the risk of criminals being caught and encourage potential victims to make themselves harder targets

Question 20

Examples of situational crime prevention?

Answer 20

Schemes like Neighbourhood watch- informal surveillance, encourage residents to watch and support each other
- supervision of offenders, tagging
- more policing, more arrests in high crime areas to deter criminals
- Safer Neighbourhood schemes, make homes more secure

Question 21

What is environmental crime prevention?

Answer 21

Any sign of environmental decline, such as broken windows, graffiti, or anti-social behaviour must be tackled immediately

Question 22

Examples of environmental crime prevention

Answer 22

Making parents take more responsibility- Parenting Orders
- cracking down on anti-social behaviour, ASBOs naming and shaming
- zero tolerance policing

Question 23

Why does Garland criticise Right Realists?

Answer 23

X ignore the causes of crime and just displace it

Question 24

Why does Felson support crime prevention?

Answer 24

‘designing out crime such as getting rid of gennels, park benches etc grouped together is effective, this approach worked especially well in NYC

Question 25

What do Right realists say about social and community crime prevention?

Answer 25

X too soft and create excuses for criminals e.g. poverty

Question 26

Why do Marxists criticise Right realists?

Answer 26

X Do little to reduce sexual, violent, white collar and corporate crime

Question 27

How can we criticise Left Realist approaches?

Answer 27

X expensive, show little short-term improvement in crime rates

Question 28

How do post modernists evaluate crime prevention?

Answer 28

Could crime be about individual excitement Lyng, edgework