Cook Flashcards
Cardiac conduction system
Myogenic
Sino atrial node - starts beat itself through wave of excitatation
Through the walls of the atria causing them to contract and forcing blood into the ventricles
then passes through the atrioventricular node which delays the transmission of the impulse for 0.1 seconds to allow the atria to fully contract
passes through bundle of his
bundle of his spreads out into two bundles and then moves into purkinje fibres which spread through the ventrickes causing them to contract
sympathetic
stimulates the heart to beat faster
parasympathetic
returns the heart to resting levels
Medulla oblongota
Cardiac control centre located in the brain - regualtes processes that keep us alive
Receptors
Chemo - increase in co2 - increase in heart rate
Baro - increase in blood pressure - they set a point that responds to the stretching of the arterial wall - decrease in heart rate
Proprioceptors - increase in muscle movement - increase in heart rate - located in the muscles
Hormones - adrenaline - stimulates SAN - increase in heart rate
Stroke volume
Increased venous return - greater diastolic filling of the heart - cardiac muscle stretched - More force of contraction - increased ejection faction
Maximum heart rate 220 - your age
nice
Cardiovascular drift
occurs during a period of exercise - heart rate increases - stroke volume decreases - because of fluid lost as sweat - resulting in a reduced plasma volume - reduced venous return - cardiac output also increases due to more energy needed to cool body
Alveolu
Big surface area - allows for greater uptake of oxygen
one cell thick - short diffusion pathway
good blood supply - extensive cappilary newtwork
diffusion pathway of oxygen and co2
alveoli - blood - muscles
muscles - blood - alveoliu
muscle fibres
High PC stores – increased energy source for ATP production via the ATP-PC system (1).
• High glycogen stores – increased energy source for ATP production via the lactate anaerobic
system (1).
atp pc system
ATP-PC system involves the breakdown of PC to
form ATP. The aerobic system uses oxygen to release energy. The aerobic system has a higher ATP
yield than the other systems.
n the 100m event,
the athlete will predominantly use the ATP PC system to create ATP. There is also some contribution
from the lactate anaerobic system. This is because the ATP-PC system can create ATP for
8–10 seconds and the race only takes 10.49 seconds to complete. This involves the breakdown of
glucose anaerobically to form pyruvic acid and then lactic acid which is also known as anaerobic
glycolysis.
100m uses
ATP-PC system which is an anaerobic system to create ATP as it is a sprint event and the performer
runs as fast as they can and so intensity is maximal. When ATP is made through the breakdown of PC in
the ATP-PC system, ATP is produced very quickly explaining, the 100% capacity in Figure 2.
The areobic cycle
glycolysis is the breakdiwn of glucose into pyruvic acid produces two atp - the elctron transport chain then produces 34 atp as hydrogen ions aare oxidised - this is a lot of energy - no fatiguing products like co2 and water and theres lots of glycogen stores so exercise can carry on for a long time
complicated system and cannot be used straight away and so would not be suitable for short burst events
Short term lactate anaerobic system
provides energy for 3 min peak 45 seconds can be used for a sprint finish
used when oxygen is not available breaks glycogen into glucose 2 atp made again
wave summation
Wave summation will allow the gymnast to produce a more powerful contraction (1) because the
muscle is stimulated again before it is relaxed (1) therefore the gymnast will be able to apply greater
force to adjust the height achieved to match the requirements of the technique performed (1).
