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Year 10 Assessment 1 - Coordination and Control, Motion > Coordination and Control > Flashcards

Coordination and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

The CNS is the brain and the spinal cord, and the PNS is the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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2
Q

What is the Nervous System composed of?

A

The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

What are receptor cells?

A

Receptor cells detect information and nerve signals and pass rapidly from receptors and along the PNS to the CNS.

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4
Q

What are the three different types of neurons? What does each do?

A
  • Sensory neuron: carry information TO the CNS
  • Interneuron: carry information BETWEEN sensory and motor neurons
  • Motor neuron: carry information FROM the CNS.
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5
Q

What is the Nervous System in control of?

A

Coordination and control of your body.

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6
Q

What is a parasite

A

A parasite is an organism that derives all its benefits from another organism while harming that organism in the process.

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7
Q

What does a receptor cell do?

A

Detects a stimulus (information) and nerve signals in the form of electrical impulses

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8
Q

How do nerve signals travel to the CNS?

A

Via neurons along the PNS.

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9
Q

What are the three main sections of the brain

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, the brain stem

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10
Q

What is the cerebrum? Describe

A

Makes up 90% of the brains volume, composed of two grey wrinkly hemispheres, controls memory, speech, thought and all of our conscious actions (walking, running, speaking etc)

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11
Q

What is the cerebellum? Describe

A

Sits toward back of brain, underneath cerebrum. Also wrinkly surface, but pink in colour. Controls balance and coordinates complex muscle actions.

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12
Q

What is the brain stem? Describe

A

Controls the activities in our body we don’t think about. Controls unconscious/ involuntary thoughts (eg breathing, heart rate, digestion). Connects directly to spinal cord. Injury to brain stem generally results in immediate death.

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13
Q

What are the four lobes in the brain

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

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14
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis helps the body maintain a stable internal environment.

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15
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When a change in the body is detected and a message is sent through the body, initiating a response to return the body back to it’s normal state.

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16
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

When a change from the normal state triggers a reaction that results in the change being amplified/enhances the change.

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17
Q

What is an example of positive feedback? Why?

A

When the surrounding temperature rises; If the hypothalamus detects that the body is too hot, the response is that the body begins to sweat to try and reduce the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level, sweating will stop.

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18
Q

What is an example of negative feedback? Why?

A

When the surrounding temperature rises; If the hypothalamus detects that the body is too hot, the response is that the body begins to sweat to try and reduce the temperature back to the correct level. Once the body temperature is back to the correct level, sweating will stop.

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19
Q

Where are receptor cells located?

A

The sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, nose tongue)

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20
Q

What are the four types of receptor cells

A

Chemoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors

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21
Q

What stimulus does a chemoreceptor respond to? Where are they located?

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A

Chemicals, Tongue.

22
Q

What stimulus does a photoreceptor respond to? Where are they located?

23
Q

What stimulus does a mechanoreceptor respond to? Where are they located?

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A

Pressure/distortion, skin/inner ear

24
Q

What stimulus does a thermoreceptor respond to? Where are they located?

25
How do receptors in the eye work?
Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye detect light
26
How do receptors in the nose work?
When you breathe in and a smell enters your nose, they dissolve in the mucus and cause chemoreceptor neurons to generate nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.
27
How do receptors in the ear work?
Sounds cause vibrations in the inner ear, detected by mechanoreceptors.
28
How do receptors in the tongue work?
Flavour molecules are detected by one of four different kinds of tastebud of chemoreceptor (sweet, salty, sour, bitter). Located on the tongue surface.
29
How do receptors on the skin work?
Contains mechanoreceptors that detect vibration, pressure, touch and pain. Thermoreceptors on skin detect heat.
30
What is the Endocrine System?
A complex network of glands and organs. Uses hormones to control and coordinate your body's metabolism, energy levels, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress and mood.
31
What are the 10 glands in the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus, parathyroid glands, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thymus gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testicles.
32
Hypothalamus
Area of the brain that links with the nervous system. Coordinates + controls reflex actions. Releases hormones that control body temp, hunger, thirst and emotions.
33
Parathyroid gland
Releases hormone parathormone, which regulates calcium level in blood. Controls bone development.
34
Thyroid gland
Releases hormone thyroxine, regulates cell growth and activity.
35
Adrenal glands
Releases hormones (including adrenaline) that increase heart rate and blood pressure in times of fright.
36
Pineal gland
Releases hormone melatonin. Controls sleeping and waking patterns
37
Pituitary gland
Releases hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their own hormones. Releases hormones that control growth and development, regulate water balance, and stimulate the release of breast milk.
38
Thymus gland
Releases hormone thymosin which stimulates production of white blood cells to help fight infection.
39
Pancreas
Releases hormone insulin and glucagon. These hormones work together to regulate glucose levels in the blood.
40
Insulin
Allows cells to take glucose from blood
41
Glucagon
Controls amount of glucose released from liver into blood
42
What are hormones
The endocrine system uses chemical messages called hormones. They are produced in your endocrine glands and are released directly into your bloodstream.
43
Do hormones reach all parts of your body? If so, do they affect every part of your body?
Hormones are carried to all parts of your body, but only certain cells have receptors for particular hormones. These target cells are attuned to the hormones carried through your body and respond in a specific way.
44
How does the endocrine system respond to change in variables?
The receptor cells detect the change and acts (often) using a negative feedback mechanism to counteract the initial change.
45
Provide some examples of how the first line of defence prevents pathogens from entering the body
Physical barriers: skin, coughing, sneezing Chemical barriers: saliva, tears, stomach acid
46
How do the parts of the body not covered with skin protect themselves from outside pathogens?
The parts of the body not covered by skin, including the inside of the mouth, nose, throat and vagina are covered with mucous membranes. These surfaces produce mucus in which microbes become trapped. In the respiratory system there are also small hairs called cilia that beat and sweep the mucus out of the body. Another way to get the mucus out of the lungs is by coughing. This brings the mucus up to the mouth where it is swallowed.
47
Does the food we eat contain microbes? If so, how does our body get rid of them?
The food we eat contains many microbes. A large number of these are killed by the hydrochloric acid in our stomach.
48
Which system sends out hormonal messages?
The Endocrine System
49
Which system sends out electrical messages?
The Nervous System
50
What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve?
A nerve is a COLLECTION of neurons
51

Year 10 Assessment 1 - Coordination and Control, Motion (1 decks)

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