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Coordination & Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Question: What are the components of the digestive system?

A

Answer: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas.

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2
Q

Question: What is the function of the digestive system?

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Answer: To break down food into nutrients, absorb nutrients into the bloodstream, and eliminate waste.

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3
Q

Question: Name the major components of the circulatory system.

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Answer: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood.

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4
Q

Question: What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

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Answer: To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

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5
Q

Question: List the components of the skeletal system.

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Answer: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons.

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6
Q

Question: What are the functions of the skeletal system?

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Answer: Provides structure, support, and protection for the body; produces blood cells; stores minerals.

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7
Q

Question: Identify the main organs of the respiratory system.

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Answer: Nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm.

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8
Q

Question: What does the respiratory system do?

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Answer: Facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

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9
Q

Question: What are the primary components of the muscular system?

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Answer: Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle.

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10
Q

Question: Describe the functions of the muscular system.

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Answer: Allows for movement, maintains posture, generates heat.

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11
Q

Question: Name the organs that make up the excretory system.

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Answer: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungs.

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12
Q

Question: What is the role of the excretory system?

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Answer: Removes waste products from the body, regulates fluid balance, helps maintain pH balance.

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13
Q

Question: How do living organisms get nutrients to cells?

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Answer: Nutrients are delivered to cells via the bloodstream by systems like the digestive and circulatory systems.

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14
Q

Question: How are wastes removed from the body?

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Answer: Wastes are removed through organs like the kidneys in the excretory system and are eliminated from the body.

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15
Q

Question: How do plants respond to their environment?

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Answer: Plants respond through mechanisms such as phototropism, gravitropism, and seasonal changes. (Tropisms)

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16
Q

Question: What are examples of animal responses to their environment?

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Answer: Examples include migration, hibernation, mating behaviours, and physiological adaptations to temperature changes.

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17
Q

Question: What is a stimulus?

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Answer: A detectable change in the internal or external environment.

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18
Q

Question: What is a receptor?

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Answer: A specialised cell or organ that detects stimuli and generates nerve impulses in response.

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19
Q

Question: What is the sense of sight called?

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Answer: Vision.

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20
Q

Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of sight?

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Answer: Eyes.

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21
Q

Question: What is the sense of hearing called?

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Answer: Audition.

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22
Q

Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of hearing?

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Answer: Ears.

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23
Q

Question: What is the sense of taste called?

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Answer: Gustation.

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24
Q

Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of taste?

A

Answer: Tongue.

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25
Question: What is the sense of smell called?
Answer: Olfaction.
26
Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of smell?
Answer: Nose.
27
Question: What is the sense of touch called?
Answer: Tactition.
28
Question: What organ is responsible for the sense of touch?
Answer: Skin.
29
Question: What are the components of the central nervous system?
Answer: Brain and spinal cord.
30
Question: What is included in the peripheral nervous system?
Answer: Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
31
Question: What functions are associated with the frontal lobe?
Answer: Executive functions (behaviour), motor control, speech production.
32
Question: What functions are primarily associated with the parietal lobe?
Answer: Sensory processing, spatial awareness.
33
Question: What functions are primarily associated with the temporal lobe?
Answer: Auditory processing, memory, language.
34
Question: What functions are primarily associated with the occipital lobe?
Answer: Visual processing.
35
Question: What is the function of the cerebellum?
Answer: The cerebellum is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, balance, and posture.
36
Question: What is the function of the brain stem?
Answer: To connect the brain to the spinal cord and regulate basic life functions.
37
Question: What is the function of a sensory neuron?
Answer: Sensory neurons transmit sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).
38
Question: What is the role of a motor neuron?
Answer: Motor neurons transmit motor signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles or glands, resulting in movement or secretion.
39
Question: What is the function of an interneuron?
Answer: Interneurons facilitate communication between sensory neurons and motor neurons within the central nervous system (CNS).
40
Question: What is a synapse?
Answer: A junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.
41
Question: What are neurotransmitters?
Answer: Electrical impulse messengers that transmit signals across synapses.
42
Question: What are the components of a reflex arc?
Answer: Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector.
43
Question: Describe the pathway from stimulus to response in a reflex arc.
Answer: Stimulus is detected by a sensory receptor, transmitted via sensory neuron to the spinal cord, where an interneuron processes the signal. Finally, a motor neuron transmits a response signal to an effector (muscle or gland).
44
Question: Why are reflex actions important?
Answer: Reflex actions are important for rapid, involuntary responses to potential harm or changes in the environment, helping to protect the body and maintain homeostasis.
45
Question: What is the role of the endocrine system?
Answer: The endocrine system regulates body functions through the release of hormones into the bloodstream.
46
Question: How do hormones travel through the body?
Answer: Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs, where they elicit specific physiological responses.
47
Question: What are hormones?
Answer: Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands of the endocrine system that regulate various physiological processes.
48
Question: What is the pituitary gland often referred to as?
Answer: The "master gland" of the endocrine system.
49
Question: What hormones does the pituitary gland produce?
Answer: Growth hormone (GH), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), ADH (causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced) & Oxytocin (increases contractions to induce labour and birth, and the release of milk from the breast after birth
50
Question: What is the primary reproductive organ in females?
Answer: Ovaries.
51
Question: What hormones do the ovaries produce?
Answer: Estrogen and progesterone. (regulate the development and function of the uterus and feminine growth)
52
Question: What is the primary reproductive organ in males?
Answer: Testes.
53
Question: What hormone do the testes produce?
Answer: Testosterone. (regulates male growth and sex drive)
54
Question: What is the pancreas responsible for in the endocrine system?
Answer: Regulating blood sugar levels.
55
Question: What hormones does the pancreas produce?
Answer: Insulin and glucagon.
56
Question: What gland is located in the neck and regulates metabolism?
Answer: Thyroid gland.
57
Question: What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Answer: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
58
Question: Where are the adrenal glands located?
Answer: Above each kidney.
59
Question: What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?
Answer: Cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline (epinephrine), and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
60
Question: What does adrenaline do?
Answer: Makes your heart beat faster and your lungs breathe more efficiently
61
Question: How do the nervous system and the endocrine system differ in terms of communication?
Answer: The nervous system communicates via electrical impulses and neurotransmitters, while the endocrine system communicates via hormones released into the bloodstream.
62
Question: What is the difference in speed of response between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
Answer: Nervous system responses are rapid but short-lived, while endocrine system responses are slower but longer-lasting.
63
Question: What is homeostasis?
Answer: Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
64
Question: What are examples of internal conditions that need to be maintained by the body?
Answer: Examples include temperature, blood sugar levels, pH balance, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance.
65
Question: What is negative feedback?
Answer: Negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable triggers responses that reverse the change, maintaining homeostasis.
66
Question: Provide an example of negative feedback in the body.
Answer: Example: Regulation of body temperature. When body temperature rises, sweat glands produce sweat, cooling the body and reducing temperature back to the set point.
67
Question: What is a disease?
Answer: A disease is an abnormal condition that impairs the functioning of an organism.
68
Question: What is the difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases?
Answer: Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and can be transmitted from one individual to another, while non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and cannot be transmitted.
69
Question: What are the five types of pathogens?
Answer: Viruses, Macro-parasites, Bacteria, Fungi and Protozoans.
70
Question: What are antibiotics?
Answer: Antibiotics are medications used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
71
Question: How do antibiotics work?
Answer: Antibiotics target specific bacterial processes or structures, disrupting their ability to survive and reproduce.
72
Question: What is the difference between direct and indirect methods of transmission of diseases?
Answer: Direct transmission occurs through physical contact between individuals, while indirect transmission occurs via intermediaries such as air, water, or vectors.
73
Question: What is the immune system?
Answer: The immune system is the body's defence mechanism against pathogens and foreign substances.
74
Question: What are antibodies?
Answer: Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to specific antigens.
75
Question: What are antigens?
Answer: Antigens are molecules that trigger an immune response.
76
Question: What are the body's first line of defence mechanisms?
Answer: The first line of defence includes physical and chemical barriers such as the skin, mucous membranes, and stomach acid.
77
Question: What are the body's second line of defence mechanisms?
Answer: The second line of defence consists of non-specific immune responses such as inflammation, fever, and phagocytosis.
78
Question: What is the third line of defence in the immune system?
Answer: The third line of defence is the specific immune response, which involves the recognition and targeting of specific pathogens by lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and the production of antibodies.
79
Question: How does a vaccine work?
Answer: A vaccine stimulates the body's immune system to produce antibodies against a particular pathogen. This causes memory cells to form so that the next time the body is exposed to the same pathogen, it can make antibodies quickly and in high amounts.

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