COPD Flashcards
(25 cards)
is a preventable and treatable slowly progressive respiratory disease of airflow obstruction involving the airways, pulmonary parenchyma, or both.
COPD
Includes any form of lung tissue, including bronchioles, bronchi, blood vessels, interstitium, and alveoli
Parenchyma
T/F The airflow limitation or obstruction in COPD is fully reversible
F (not fully reversible)
The two distinct disease process
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
An inflammatory response occurs throughout
Proximal and peripheral airways, lung parenchyma, pulmonary vasculature.
Proximal airway
Trachea and bronchi greater than 2 mm in diameter
Peripheral airway
Bronchioles less than 2 mm diameter.
Disease of the airways, defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years.
Chronic Bronchitis
Impaired oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange results from destruction of the walls of overdistended alveoli.
Emphysema
Abnormal distention of the airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles and destruction of the walls of the alveoli.
Emphysema
One of the complications of emphysema
right sided heart failure brought on by long term high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries.
Two main types of emphysema
Panlobular (Panacinar) and Centrilobular (centroacinar)
Destruction of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveolus.
Panlobular (Panacinar)
Risk Factors for COPD
-Environmental exposures
-Host factors
-Smoking
Environmental risk factors
-Smoking
-marijuana
-Secondhand smoke
-prolonged and intense exposure to occupational dusts and chemicals
-indoor air pollution
-outdoor air pollution
an enzyme inhibitor that protects the lung parenchyma from injury.
Alpha 1-antitrypsin
3 primary symptoms
chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea
Assessment and Diagnosis for COPD
-Spirometry
-Arterial blood gas
-Chest X-ray
-Screening for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
-Pulmonary function tests
Key factors in determining the diagnosis
-Patient’s history
-severity of symptoms
-responsiveness to bronchodilators
-
The acuity of the onset and the severity of respiratory failure depend on:
-baseline pulmonary function
-pulse oximetry
-arterial blood gas values
-comorbid conditions
-severity of other complications of COPD
Medical Management
-Promoting smoking cessation
-Providing supplemental oxygen therapy as indicated
-Prescribing medications & managing exacerbations
Administration of oxygen at a concentration greater than that found in the environmental atmosphere.
Oxygen therapy
Nursing Management of COPD
-Assessing the patient
-Achieving airway clearance
-Chest Physiotherapy
-Increased Fluid Intake
-Improving breathing pattern
Cognitive Changes of COPD
-Personality
-Behavioral changes
-Memory impairment
-Increasing dyspnea
-Tachypnea
-Tachycardia
