Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

WINTER 2018-PATH0 > COPD > Flashcards

COPD Flashcards

1
Q

COPD and Smoking

A

25% of patient with COPD will have never been smokers

15-25% of smokers will develop COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

OD

A

Once Daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

BID

A

Twice Daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TID or Q8h

A

Three Times Daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

QID or Q6h

A

Four Times Daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

COPD Definitions

A

A preventable and treatable disease with significant extra pulmonary effects

Characterized through a limitation of airflow that is not fully reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

COPD Limitation of Airflow

A

Usually progressive and associated with a abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases (primarily caused through cigarette smoke)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

COPD, Chronic Bronchitis, and Emphysema

A

Even though chronic bronchitis and emphysema can develop on their own they often occur together and when they do it is known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chronic Bronchitis Definition

A

Chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years in a patient in whom other causes of productive chronic cough have been excluded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chronic Bronchitis-Anatomical Alteration of the Lungs

A

Chronic inflammation and swelling of the peripheral airways

Excessive mucus production and accumulation

Partial or total mucus plugging of airways

Smooth muscle constriction of bronchial airways (bronchospasm)

Occasionally in the late stages there will be air trapping and hyperinflation of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Emphysema Definitions

A

Presence of permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by the destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Emphysema-Anatomical Alteration of the Lungs

A

Permanent enlargement and deterioration of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles

Destruction of pulmonary capillaries

Weakening of the distal airways, primarily the respiratory bronchioles

Air trapping and hyperinflation of alveoli (air-trapping)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main pathophysiological mechanics behind presentation of COPD

A

Excessive Bronchial Secretions

Bronchospasm

Distal Airways and Alveolar Weakening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Altered Sensorium-COPD

A

Common in severe stages as it is a classic sign of hypoxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

COPD Exacerbation Vital Signs

A

Acute increase in HR and RR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Key Indications for COPD Diagnosis

A

Dyspnea

Chronic Cough

Chronic Sputum Production

History of Exposure to Risk Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stages of COPD-From Spirometry Test

A

Stage 1-Mild COPD

  • FEV1 > 80 of Predicted

Stage 2-Moderate COPD

  • FEV1 50-80 of Predicted

Stage 3-Severe COPD

  • FEV1 30-50% of Predicted

Stage 4-Very Severe COPD

  • FEV1 <30%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

COPD-CVP

A

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

COPD-RAP

A

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

COPD-PA

A

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

COPD-PCWP

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

COPD-CO

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

COPD-SV

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

COPD-SVI

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

COPD-CI

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

COPD-RVSWI

A

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

COPD-LVSWI

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

COPD-PVR

A

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

COPD-SVR

A

Normal

30
Q

FVC in moderate to severe COPD (obstructive lung pathophysiology)

A

Decrease

31
Q

FEV1/FVC in moderate to severe COPD (obstructive lung pathophysiology)

A

Decreased

32
Q

FEF 25-75% in moderate to severe COPD (obstructive lung pathophysiology)

A

Decreased

33
Q

FEF 50% in moderate to severe COPD (obstructive lung pathophysiology)

A

Decreased

34
Q

FEF 200-1200 in moderate to severe COPD (obstructive lung pathophysiology)

A

Decreased

35
Q

PEFR in moderate to severe COPD (obstructive lung pathophysiology)

A

Decreased

36
Q

MVV in moderate to severe COPD (obstructive lung pathophysiology)

A

Decreased

37
Q

COPD-Vt

A

Normal or increased

38
Q

COPD-IRV

A

Normal or decreased

39
Q

COPD-ERV

A

Normal or Decreased

40
Q

COPD-RV

A

Increased

41
Q

COPD-VC

A

Decreased

42
Q

COPD-IC

A

Normal or Decreased

43
Q

COPD-FRC

A

Increased

44
Q

COPD-TLC

A

Normal or Increased

45
Q

COPD-RV/TLC Ratio

A

Normal or Increased

46
Q

DLco - COPD

A

In emphysema this is a classic diagnostic sign

Will be normal in chronic bronchitis

47
Q

The three main spirometry tests that are used for COPD are

A

FVC

FEV1

FEV1/FVC ratio

The presence of COPD is confirmed when both the FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio are decreased

48
Q

Oxygenation Indices-Qs/QT

A

Increased

49
Q

Oxygenation Indices-DO2

A

Decreased

The DO2 may be normal if the patient has compensated through a increased heart rate and Hb

When DO2 is normal extraction ratio may also be normal

50
Q

Oxygenation Indices-VO2

A

Normal

51
Q

Oxygenation Indices-C(a-v)O2

A

Normal

52
Q

Oxygenation Indices-O2ER

A

Increased

53
Q

Oxygenation Indices-SvO2

A

Decreased

54
Q

Blood Test

A

Hypochloremia (CL):When chronic ventilatory failure is present Hypernatremia (Na)

55
Q

Chest X-Ray

A

Translucent

depressed or flattend diaphram

56
Q

The goals of COPD management should include

A

Relieve symptoms

Prevent disease progression

Improve exercise tolerance

Improve health status

Prevent and treat complications

Prevent and treat exacerbations

This is controversial as some will say you can not prevent exacerbations but rather you can only manage them

Reduce mortality

Prevent or minimize side effects from treatment

57
Q

A Management Plan normally will four components

A

Assess and Monitor Disease

Reduce Risk Factors

Manage Stable COPD

Manage Exacerbations

58
Q

ASSESS AND MONITOR DISEASE

A

Exposure to risk factors including intensity and duration

Past medical history

Family history of COPD or other chronic respiratory disease

Pattern of symptom development

History of exacerbations or previous hospitalizations for respiratory disorder.

Presence of comorbidities, such as obesity, heart disease, malignancies, osteoporosis, and musculoskeletal disorders, which may also contribute to restriction of activity.

Appropriateness of current medical treatments.

Impact of disease on patient’s life

Possibilities for reducing risk factors, especially smoking cessation.

59
Q

Helping Patient to Quit Smoking

A

Ask—Systematically identify all tobacco users at every visit.

Advise—Strongly urge all tobacco users to quit.

Assess—Determine willingness to make a quit attempt.

Assist—Aid the patient in quitting.

Arrange—Schedule follow-up contact.

60
Q

B2 Agonists-Short-Acting

A

Fenoterol (Beretec)

Levalbuterol (Xopenex)

Salbutamol (Ventolin)

Terbutaline (Bircanyl)

61
Q

B2 Agonists Long-Acting

A

Formoterol (Oxese)

Salmeterol (Serevent)

62
Q

Anticholinergics Short-Acting

A

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

Oxitropium bromide (Oxivent)

63
Q

Anticholinergics Long-Acting

A

Tiotropium (Spiriva)

64
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Aminophylline

Theophylline (Theo-dur, Theo-24)

65
Q

Inhaled Glucocorticosteroids

A

Beclomethasone (Beclovent, Qvar)

Budesonide (Pulmicort)

Fluticasone (Flovent)

Triamcinolone (Aristocort)

66
Q

Combination of short-acting β2-agonists plus anticholinergic in one inhaler

A

Fenoterol/Ipratropium (Duoneb)

Salbutamol/Ipratropium (Combivent)

67
Q

Combination is with long-acting β2-agonists plus glucocorticosteroids in one inhaler

A

Formoterol/Budesonide (Symbicort)

Salmeterol/Fluticasone (Advair)

68
Q

Systemic Glucocorticosteroids

A

Methyl-prednisone — Solu-Medrol

Hydro-cortisone — Solu-Cortef

69
Q

CAT: COPD Assessment Test

A

8 item questionnaire. (www.catestonline.org)

Score of less than 10 = low risk

Score of more than 10 = high risk

70
Q

mMRC: Modified Medical Research Council (British)

A

Score of less than 1 is low risk. More than 2 is high risk

mMRC:

0— only breathless during strenuous exercise

1— Hurrying on level ground or slight hill

2— Slow on level, may need rest stops

3— Many stops

4— Breathless when dressing, maybe house bound

71
Q

COPD Rates in men and women

A

COPD used to be more common in men but now it is being reported more in women who are under the age of 75

WINTER 2018-PATH0 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions