COPD/Respiratory Diseases

Question 1

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Answer 1

A progressive lung disease that causes airflow limitation.

Question 2

Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 2

An airway disease characterized by inflammation and mucus blocking the bronchi, leading to a productive cough and frequent infections.

Question 3

Emphysema

Answer 3

An alveolar disease where loss of alveolar walls reduces gas exchange and leads to hyperinflation and dyspnea.

Question 4

Productive cough

Answer 4

Cough that produces mucus, occurring for ≥3 months in ≥2 consecutive years in chronic bronchitis.

Question 5

Pathophysiology of Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 5

Mucous gland hyperplasia leading to excess mucus production and airway narrowing.

Question 6

Pathophysiology of Emphysema

Answer 6

Destruction of alveoli resulting in reduced surface area for gas exchange.

Question 7

Primary Site Affected in Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 7

Bronchi (large airways).

Question 8

Primary Site Affected in Emphysema

Answer 8

Alveoli and distal airspaces.

Question 9

Main Cause of Airflow Limitation in Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 9

Mucus plugging and airway inflammation.

Question 10

Main Cause of Airflow Limitation in Emphysema

Answer 10

Loss of elastic recoil and alveolar collapse.

Question 11

Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 11

Chronic productive cough, dyspnea, wheezing.

Question 12

Symptoms of Emphysema

Answer 12

Progressive dyspnea, minimal cough, scant sputum.

Question 13

Body Type in Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 13

Often overweight or cyanotic (‘blue bloater’).

Question 14

Body Type in Emphysema

Answer 14

Often thin and barrel-chested (‘pink puffer’).

Question 15

Oxygenation in Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 15

More prone to hypoxemia and hypercapnia early on.

Question 16

Oxygenation in Emphysema

Answer 16

Less hypoxemia early; more dyspnea.

Question 17

Cyanosis in Emphysema

Answer 17

Less common until advanced stages.

Question 18

Cor Pulmonale in Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 18

More common due to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

Question 19

Lung Sounds in Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 19

Wheezes, crackles, rhonchi.

Question 20

Lung Sounds in Emphysema

Answer 20

Decreased breath sounds, prolonged expiration.

Question 21

Chest X-ray Findings in Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 21

Hyperinflation, flattened diaphragm, increased broncho vascular markings, enlarged heart.

Question 22

Chest X-ray Findings in Emphysema

Answer 22

Decreased vascular markings.

Question 23

Pulmonary Function Test (PFTs) in Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 23

↓ FEV1, ↓ FEV1/FVC; ↑ residual volume (RV).

Question 24

Pulmonary Function Test (PFTs) in Emphysema

Answer 24

Same pattern, but ↑ total lung capacity (TLC) due to air trapping.

Question 25

Response to Oxygen in Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 25

May develop CO₂ retention; usually better tolerated initially.

Question 26

Response to Oxygen in Emphysema

Answer 26

Common in both.

Question 27

Diagnosis of Both Conditions

Answer 27

Spirometry showing an FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.7.

Question 28

Consequences if Untreated

Answer 28

Both can lead to respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, and cor pulmonale.