Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ESA 3 - HPHD > Coping > Flashcards

Coping Flashcards

1
Q

Who theorised the transactional model of stress?

A

Lazarus and Folkman, 1984

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens in the transactional model of stress?

A

Potential stressor Primary appraisal Secondary appraisal Stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What factors can cause stress in chronic illness?

A

Diagnosis Physical impact Treatment Hospitalisation Adjustment Chronic nature of illness Socioeconomic illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What will a person have on diagnosis of a chronic illness?

A

Lots of worries and questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the importance of the worries and questions a person will have on diagnosis of a chronic illness?

A

A strong predictor of future anxiety is the number of unanswered concerns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What may the emotional responses to diagnosis be?

A

Shock Anxiety Depression Denial Fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What may the physical impact of a chronic disease be?

A

Pain Limited mobility Other symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How may the treatment for a chronic illness cause stress?

A

Anxiety Discomfort Impact on body image Burdensome nature of self management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give an example of where a chronic disease may have an impact on body image

A

Breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why may self management of a chronic disease cause stress?

A

Life changes Having to take medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why may hospitalisation cause stress?

A

Loss of autonomy, privacy, or status Possible removal from usual support network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Whatadjustments may need to be made when a person has a chronic illness?

A

Biographical disruption Change in identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is meant by biographical disruption

A

Disruption to life trajectory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the result of the disruption to life trajectory in chronic illness?

A

Change in goals Have to rethink future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What change in identity might occur in chronic illness?

A

‘Sick role’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why may the chronic nature of illness cause stress?

A

The change may be indefinite, and so it is hard to make plans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the socioeconomic impact of chronic illness?

A

May cause financial problems if work is affected Social problems Relationship problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the result of the loss of income if a chronic illness means work is affected?

A

May struggle with mortgage, childcare etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What social problems may a chronic illness cause?

A

Housing Childcare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who may chronic illness cause relationship problems between?

A

Family Friends Colleagues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What must be considered when thinking about stress in chronically ill patients?

A

There is a different combination of issues for different patients, but all share the need for adjustment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does stress depend on?

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How may perception of chronic illness affect stress?

A

If they think the illness is very bad If they think they can’t cope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the categories of life events causing stress?

A

Family Personal Workplace Financial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What family events can cause stress? 
Bereavement Divorce Marriage Family health Pregnancy Family unemployment  
26
What personal events can cause stress? 
Imprisonment Personal achievement  Change in school/residence  Sexual difficulties  Change in habits Holidays  
27
What workplace events can cause stress? 
Dismissal  Retirement Job change Change in responsibilities/conditions  
28
What financial events can cause stress? 
Change in financial state Mortgage 
29
What are the types of coping styles? 
Emotional focused coping Problem focused coping
30
What does emotional focused coping aim to do? 
Change the emotion/appraisal 
31
What are the approaches in emotional focused coping? 
Behavioural approaches Cognitive approches 
32
What is meant by a behavioural approach to coping?
Do something
33
Give three examples of behavioural approaches to emotional focused coping 
Talking to friends Alcohol Finding a distraction
34
What is meant by a congitive approach to coping? 
Change how you think about a situation 
35
Give two examples of cognitive approaches in emotional focused coping
Denial Focus on positive aspect of problem 
36
What does problem focused coping aim to do? 
Change the problem or your resources, therefore alleviating emotional reaction 
37
What may be done in problem focused coping? 
Reduce demands of stressful situation  Expand resources to deal with it   
38
How may the demands of a stressful situation be reduced in problem focused coping? 
Find out how to cope with feelings 
39
What are the outcomes of problem focused and behavioural focused coping 
All may help, but some will be less adaptive long term 
40
What is the best type of coping? 
'Active coping' 
41
What is active coping associated with? 
Better adjustment 
42
What is the problem with active coping? 
Chronically ill patients tend to report more 'passive' coping strategies  Depressed individuals struggle with active coping  
43
When considering coping and stress in clinical practice, what is it important to consider when giving information?
A persons coping style
44
How can coping be aided? 
Increase/mobilise social support Increase personal control over condition Prepare patients for stressful events    
45
Why is it important to provide patients with social support? 
Some patients may have impoverished social network  Patient may be reluctant to display problem Patient may not have/lost social network  
46
How can a physician increase/mobilise social support? 
Suggest formal/informal sources of support 
47
What formal/informal sources of support can be provided for the patient? 
Social services Community resources Hospital visitors/chaplain  Other religious and charitable organisations Patient groups   
48
How can control over condition be increased? 
Pain management CBT and other psychological therapies Self management programs Involve patients in care-planning Facilitate cognitive control Resources to aid emotional management 
49
Give an example of a self management program used in a chronic disease 
DAFNE (Dose adjustment for normal eating) self management course for type I diabetes 
50
What is the purpose of preparing patients for stressful events 
Reduce ambiguity and uncertainty  
51
What stressful events may a patient be prepared for to reduce stress? 
Preperation for surgery or hospital visits 
52
How are patients prepared for surgery or hospital visits?  
Effective communication as to what they are likely to experience 
53
What are the advantages of preparing patients for stressful events? 
Reduces anxiety Reduces self-reported pain  Reduces length of stay after surgery Improves patient adjustment/recovery
54
Give an example of how patients can be prepared for stressful events 
Pairing pre-op patients with post-op patients
55
What is pairing pre-op patients with post-op patients assoicated with? 
Reduced pre-op anxiety and earlier discharge
56
Give an example of why it may be important to be responsive to individual preferences
Some patients may not want all details  
57
What must be done in the case of helping children cope? 
Important to allow access, e.g. visits prior to admission Use social media 
58
What are the outcomes of successful coping? 
Tolerating or adjusting to negative events or realities  Reducing threats and enhancing prospects of recovery  Maintaining a positive self image Maintaining emotional equilibrium  Continuing satisfying relationships with others  
59
What is diagnosis of chronic or life-threatening illness often assoicated with? 
Depression and anxiety  
60
How does the prevalence of depression differ in those with a chronic illness compared to those without? 
It is 2-3 times more likely in people with a chronic illness
61
What chronic illnesses are associated with an increased risk of depression? 
Cancer Heart disease Diabetes Musculoskeletal/respiration/neurological disorder  
62
What % of the population is thought to have a chronic illness? 
20%
63
Who is anxiety more common in? 
People with heart disease, stroke, and cancer 
64
What is anxiety? 
An unpleasant emotional state that is a response to a threat
65
What threats may anxiety be a response to? 
Threats to identity or well-being Threatening events 
66
What medical events may cause anxiety? 
Surgery Treatment  Test results Uncertainty with prognosis 
67
What are people anxious of with regards to prognosis? 
Discomfort Disability Death
68
What feelings may anxiety include? 
Panic Dread
69
What stages of illness is anxiety likely to occur at? 
Diagnosis Awaiting test results  Discharge from hospital  Illness progression Making lifestyle changes  
70
When does anxiety become a problem? 
When it is out of proportion to the threat 
71
What may problematic anxiety cause? 
Feelings of dread and fear Panic attack Physical symptoms
72
What physical symptoms may anxiety lead to? 
Sweating  Nausea
73
What is sustained anxiety associated with? 
Unhelpful thinking patterns Physiological effects
74
What unhelpful thinking patterns is sustained anxiety associated with? 
Increased vigilance to threat Interpret ambiguous information as threatening Increased recall of threatning memories   
75
What can increased vigilance for threats lead to? 
Hypersensitivity to symptom changes
76
Give three anxiety disorders
Phobia Panic attacks PTSD
77
What is depression a response to? 
Loss, failure, or helplessness
78
What events may cause depression? 
Loss of physical/health capacity  Loss of identity/social status Reaction to symptoms, or negative experiences of illness Physiological changes Medication side effects   
79
What is depression? 
A emotional state characterised by;  Persistent low mood Sadness Loss of interest Despair Feelings of worthlessness  
80
How long does depression last? 
Tends to be long term 
81
How common is depression? 
Very
82
What groups are at higher risk of depression? 
People with illnesses that are more severe, painful, or disabling In the context of negative life events When lacking resources to cope   
83
What can co-morbid depression do? 
Exacerbate the pain and distress associated with physical health problems Adversely affect illness outcomes   
84
What states the negative effect of depression on illness outcomes? 
NICE 2010
85
How does depression worsen illness outcomes? 
Via direct mechanisms Via indirect mechanisms 
86
What is a direct mechanism by which depression leads to worse illness outcomes? 
Decreases adherance to treatment 
87
What is an indirect mechanism by which depression causes worse illness outcomes? 
Associated with factors such as smoking, alcohol etc
88
Why may psychological problems not be recognised? 
Symptoms may be inadvertently missed by person or professional Patients may not disclose symptoms HCPs may avoid asking
89
Why may symptoms be inadvertently missed by person or professional? 
Attributed to illness or treatment Experienced outside the consultation
90
What is meant by the symptoms being experienced outside the consultation? 
May not occur when in contact with HCP
91
Give an example of a symptom of depression that may be attributed to the illness or treatment 
Tiredness 
92
Why may a patient not disclose their psychological symptoms? 
Perception of inevitability   Desire to avoid stigma, feeling judged, or a burden, or seen as failing to cope 
93
What is meant by a perception of inevitability? 
The patient thinking 'anyone would feel depressed in my situation'
94
Why may HCPs avoid asking about psychological problems? 
Perception that it is out of their role/expertise  Feel they haven't been adequately trained  Capacity/time constraints Reluctance to label people   
95
What is it important to be aware of, regarding psychological problems? 
The possibility of psychological problems Ways of helping
96
How can the possibility of psychological problems be explored with a patient? 
Listen/ask/provide opportunity to raise problems 
97
How can a physician help someone with psychologial problems? 
NICE guidance  Referrals Suggestions for mobilising support and engaging in self help 

ESA 3 - HPHD (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions