Coping with Illness and Disability Flashcards
what is the definition of stress?
a condition that results when the person/environment transactions lead the individual to perceive a discrepancy between the demands of the situation and the coping resources available.
what are the main stress reduction strategies in the context for medical and surgical procedures?
- increase information/predictability
- dual process hypothesis
- increased perceived control
- identifying patient coping styles
what kind of information is given to the patient to reduce stress?
Procedural information
– information regarding the procedures.
Sensory information
– information about the sensations that may be experienced.
when is sensory information most useful?
before painful procedures
what is the Dual-process hypothesis?
Proposes that procedural and sensory information works in different ways:
- Procedural information works by allowing patients to match ongoing events with expectations in a non-emotional manner.
- Sensory information works by “mapping” a non-threatening interpretation onto these expectations.
what are the two styles of coping?
1) problem focussed
2) emotion focussed
what is problem focussed coping?
efforts directed at changing the environment in some way or the changing the patient’s own actions or attitudes
seek information, change behaviour
what is emotion focussed coping?
efforts designed to manage stress-related emotional or physical responses to maintain morale and allow one to function
meditation, emotional support.
what are the 3 components of the Crisis Theory of Coping with Illness?
coping appraisal
adaptive tasks
coping skills
enable social and psychological equilibrium
what are the factors affecting adjustment to illness i.e. coping appraisal?
- illness
- background, personality
- physical and social environment
how does illness affect adjustment to illness?
unexpected, cause/outcome, disability, prior experience, stigma, disfigurement
how does background affect adjustment to illness?
personality, age of onset, gender, occupation, pre-existing beliefs.
how does physical and social environment affect adjustment to illness?
hospitalisation, accommodation, social support, societal attitudes
how do highly agreeable patients behave?
follow self care instructions
have active coping strategies
what is the illness representation model? what are the components?
- identity
- cause
- consequences
- time line
- curability and control
identity (Illness representation model)
considered the label of the illness, or the symptoms the patient views as being part of the illness.
cause (Illness representation model)
the patient’s views about what caused the problem (i.e. genetics, trauma, etc.).
consequences (Illness representation model)
the effects the patient is experiencing from the illness and the view of the outcome.
time-line (Illness representation model)
the patient’s view about how long the problem will last (i.e. chronic, acute, intermittent, etc.).
cure/control (Illness representation model)
the patient’s expectations as they recover from or control the illness.
what are the adaptive tasks (Crisis Theory) that a patient must undergo in illness?
- related to the illness or treatment: e.g. making good relationships with healthcare professionals
- related to general psychosocial functioning: preparing for an uncertain future
what is the WHO model describing the onsequences of disease?
suggests causal links between them:
- impairment: problems with structure or organ
- handicap: disadvantageous in fulfilling a role in regards to a certain activity
- disability: functional limitation
what are the causal links in the WHO model?
disability is very much linked with handicap while impairment does not link with handicap much
what are the two types of responses to illness/disability?
- Adaptive responses: personal growth and adjustment to the illness.
- Maladaptive responses: poor adjustment (psychological problems, low functioning etc).
