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Does epinephrine increase blood glucose or blood fatty acid levels more? Explain.
● Epinephrine is important in increasing plasma glucose concentration during periods of stress when the sympathetic nervous system is excited. However, epinephrine acts differently from the other hormones in that it increases the plasma fatty acid concentration at the same time. The reasons for these effects are as follows:
1. Epinephrine has the potent effect of causing glycogenolysis in the liver, thus releasing within minutes large quantities of glucose into the blood.
2. It also has a direct lipolytic effect on the adipose cells because it activates adipose tissue hormone-sensitive lipase, thus increasing the blood concentration of fatty acids as well. Conclusion: Quantitatively, the enhancement of fatty acids is far greater than the enhancement of blood glucose. Therefore, epinephrine especially enhances the utilization of fat in such stressful states as exercise, circulatory shock, and anxiety.
how does glucagon work?
- Glucagon activates adenylyl cyclase in the hepatic cell membrane
- Which causes the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP),
- Which activates protein kinase regulator protein,
- Which activates protein kinase,
- Which activates phosphorylase b kinase,
- Which converts phosphorylase b into phosphorylase a,
- Which promotes the degradation of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate,
- Which is then dephosphorylated; and the glucose is released from the liver cells.
What is the signaling pathway of Glucagon and Epinephrine?
Adenylate cyclase/cAMP
What is the signaling pathway of insulin?
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
pathway
What are the values for, HbA1c, Fasting plasma glucose, and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test that indicate that a patient is diabetic?
What is diabetic ketoacidosis?
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?
What do the alpha and beta adrenergic receptors do?
