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PDHPE HSC > Core 1 > Flashcards

Core 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology?

A

Study of disease and patterns within a population

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2
Q

Epidemiological data comes from? (HISH)

A

Hospitals, health professionals, public and private insurance providers and surveys

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2
Q

Measures of epidemiology?

A

Mortality, infant mortality, morbidity and life expectancy

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3
Q

What information does epidemiology provide? (PIED)

A

Prevalence, incidence, extent and determinants; further used to identify health care needs and allocate resources

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5
Q

Mortality rate and current stats?

A

Death rate - decreased and continuing to decrease across all ages and genders

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6
Q

Infant mortality rate and current stats?

A

Deaths of children under 1 per 1000 live births - decreasing; 3.3 deaths per 1000 (2012) compared to 5 deaths per 1000 (2002)

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7
Q

Why are infant mortality rates decreasing?

A
  • increased awareness of health risks
  • implementation of prevention measures (pool fences)
  • improved public sanitation
  • improved support services
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8
Q

Morbidity and current trend?

A

Patterns of disease, illness or injury that do not result in death - decreasing but increasing in diabetes and mental health problems

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8
Q

Indicators of morbidity? And stats.

A
  • prevalence: current cases
    Eg. 20 000 people infected with HIV
  • incidence: new cases
    Eg. 800 new diagnosis of HIV per year
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9
Q

Life expectancy and current trend?

A

Average number of years a person lives - increasing; females increasing by 24.9 years and males by 24 years since 1910

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10
Q

All priority health issues

A
  • CVD
  • Cancer
  • mental health
  • diabetes
  • injury
  • respiratory diseases
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11
Q

Social justice recognises importance to?

A

Support marginalised, disadvantaged or under-represented groups

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12
Q

Social justice? (SEED)

A

Notion of est. supportive environ, eliminating inequity in health, promoting inclusiveness of diversity.

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13
Q

Equity?

A

Making sure resources and funding are distributing fairly without discrimination

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14
Q

Diversity

A

All community groups in planning and making decisions about health issues

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16
Q

Supportive environments?

A

Relates to physical and social aspects of our surroundings

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17
Q

Priority population groups? (SAD ROE)

A
  • socioeconomically disadvantaged
  • atsi
  • overseas people
  • elderly
  • disabilities
  • rural/remote areas
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18
Q

Why important to prioritise health issues?

A

To reduce the burden of illness, economic costs and for healthier country

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19
Q

How do we identify priority health issues? (SPPPC)

A
  • social justice principles
  • priority population groups
  • prevalence of condition
  • potential for prevention and early intervention
  • costs to individual and community
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20
Q

Prevalence of CVD?

A

Leading cause of death in AU with ~43,500 deaths in 2013; affects 1/6 Australians

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21
Q

Prevalence of cancer?

A

Decline in cancer deaths and improvement in survival rates however still 2nd leading cause of death

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22
Q

Prevalence of asthma?

A

Decreased in young adults and children however remains unchanged for adults.

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23
Q

How can lifestyle related conditions be reduced?

A

Behavioural change and environmental modifications > education and awareness

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24
Q

How can non lifestyle related problems be changed?

A

Medical research and advanced

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25
Q

How to reduce being a victim to a National Health Priority Area

A
  • make sound choices re: nutrition and drug taking
  • regular check ups
  • avoiding exposure to carcinogens (eg. uv rays)
  • safety precautions
  • modifying lifestyle behaviours
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26
Q

Factors affect ability of individual to implement prevention measures?

A

SOCIOCULTURAL
- religion
- men more likely involved risk taking + physically demanding careers + less likely to seek assistance/advice + avoid warning signs
PHYSICAL
- disabilities > decrease work opportunities, poorer mobility, decreased social interaction, decreased self esteem and poorer mental health
ENVIRONMENTAL
- where you live - exposure to UV & pollution
- health services limited in rural and isolated areas
ECONOMIC
- low SES > cannot afford same level health services > educational levels lower > poorer awareness of health issues, nutritional knowledge and health literacy

27
Q

Costs to individual of health issue?

A

Social, physical and emotional impact.
DIRECT COSTS: (financial means) medical/hospital expenses, money invested in research and potential loss of income
INDIRECT COSTS: emotional trauma and relationship breakdown, work absence, burden on others, reduction in quality of life, depression

28
Q

Costs to community for health issues?

A

DIRECT: financial matters > hospitalisation, medical treatment, pharmaceuticals, health insurance, education and illness prevention
INDIRECT: loss of income, workplace productivity

29
Q

Impact of growing and ageing population on:

THE HEALTH SYSTEM AND SERVICES

A

Elderly Australians are much higher users of hospitals (54% of hospital users) & have much higher utilisation levels of GPs
- ^hospitalisations & as elderly people gain more knowledge about their health status; leads to >demand for health services, medical treatments & operations; thus ^gvt funding for possible ^medical equipment and health services
- ^elderly homes, retirement villages, elderly functions and services (ie. disabled parking)
Facilities (ie. retirement homes) may struggle to provide services with prediction that 30% of population will be 65+ in 2051
Ultimately; financial threat to health sector due to ^pensions, health facilities, equipment

30
Q

Impact of growing and ageing population on:

HEALTH SERVICE WORKFORCE

A
  • ^health workers (ie. surgeons, doctors, nurses)
  • ^training to those aspiring to develop career in healthcare
    In 2006, shortage of 10-12k nurses
31
Q

Impact of growing and ageing population on:

CARERS OF THE ELDERLY

A
  • ^formal care needed to aid elderly in performing daily tasks and for ^services provided by retirement villages & elderly homes
    Emotional trauma for carer when elderly passes
32
Q 
Impact of growing and ageing population on:
VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS (eg. Meals on Wheels, Red Cross, ACSA)
A
  • great demand staff and funding to continue to deliver needs and satisfy incapability (eg. immobility, inaccessibility to health services) of elderly
  • Aged and Community Services Australia (ACSA) provides care and accommodation services to over 600k elderly people
33
Q

Does epidemiology measure everything about health status?

A

Epidemiology does not:
- Recognise sociocultural influences on health behaviours
- Show significant variations in health status among population subgroups (eg. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal)
- Provide whole health picture as some data is incomplete or non-existent.
Eg. Identifies 17-25 year old males as being at high risk of injury from MVAs and factors contributing to accidents (ie. Speed and alcohol) but does not say why young males more likely to engage in this risk behaviour

34
Q

Factors contributing to increased life expectancy:

A
  • reduction in infant mortality rate
  • improvement in health measures (cooperation between agencies est. more supportive environ.)
  • national public health strategies (smoking)
  • education (more active role in schools > more informed)
  • medical advances (coronary artery bypass to address heart disease)
35
Q

Leading causes of death for males

A
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Lung cancer
  • Cerebrovascular disease
  • Dementia and Alzheimer disease
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
36
Q

Leading causes of death for females

A
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Dementia and Alzheimer disease
  • Cerebrovascular disease
  • Lung cancer
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
37
Q

Leading causes of morbidity for females

A
  • cvd
  • cancer: breast, colorectal, melanoma
  • respiratory
  • accidents/injuries
  • diabetes
38
Q

Leading causes of morbidity for males

A
  • Cancer: Prostate, Colorectal, Melanoma
  • Respiratory Diseases
  • Accidents/Injuries
  • Diabetes
39
Q

What role do principles of social justice play?

A

Principles: SEED
These principles are applied by encouraging participation, building stronger communities , providing edu and valuing and promoting social, cultural and economic benefits of diversity

40
Q

How equitable is access and support for all sections of community? (Geographic location)

A
  • lack of private health facilities + services (eg. physio) due to lack of income, business
  • royal flying doctor service and rural primary health projects allow feasible access to health care
41
Q

How equitable is access and support for all sections of the community? (Socio-economic status)

A
  • inability to afford certain services and determine what services may be needed due to low health literacy due to low edu levels
  • medicare + PBS allow more equal level of access eg. physio covered by Medicare.
42
Q

How equitable is access and support for all sections of the community? (Culture)

A
  • language may prevent one from accessing appropriate health info + services
43
Q

How much responsibility should community assume for individual health problems?

A
  • community is ultimately medium between local, state govts, health org + indiv. as they provide range of health services + facilities and allow indiv. to develop personal empowerment (eg. indiv. support through AA meetings)
  • through health promotion initiatives + collaborating with other communities + schools; they can empower indiv. through improve health literacy, awareness and decision making eg. Jump Rope for Heart,
44
Q

Advantages of Private Health Insurance

A
  • Subsidies ancillary cover not provided by Medicare (eg. dentistry, physio)
  • Treated as private patient in public hospital
  • Private rooms in hospitals where available
  • Choice of GP, hospital and treatment
  • Shorter waiting lists for surgery
  • Decreased demand for public facilities
45
Q

Disadvantages of Private Health Insurance

A
  • Not affordable for people of low SES
  • Premiums are same regardless of whether services are used or not, on top of being charged for Medicare levy
  • Individuals may still need to pay gap amount as premiums do not always cover all expenses
46
Q

Disadvantages of Medicare

A
  • Some services eg. physio and dental services not covered
  • Limitations to level of choice eg. doctor
  • Long waiting lists for surgery
  • Patients may still need to pay a ‘gap’
47
Q

How do you know who to believe? (Complementary and alternative health care)

A
  • Research practitioner’s qualifications to ensure they are accredited and professional in their field
  • Info derived from internet may be false, subjective or promotional; hence, consumers need to check author of site and whether they accredited and research provided is supported by others
48
Q

healthy ageing

A
  • describes the ongoing activities and behavious one undertakes to reduce risk of illness and improve physical, emotional and mental health.
  • concerned with quality of life, independence and lengthening number of health years enjoyed.
49
Q

how is govt. promoting health ageing

A
  • assisting elderly to access programs which helps with disease prevention, reduce illness period and maintain eco and social participation
  • encourage people to plan for financial security + independence (eg. super)
  • appointed Ambassador for Ageing who promotes +ve and active ageing
50
Q

benefits of healthy ageing

A

reduces eco + medical burden, remain in workforce for longer, enjoy retirement, contribute to their own communities through part.

51
Q

chronic diseases

A
  • diseases persisting over long period of time.
  • most commonly affects older people and associated with disability, decreased quality of life, increased costs for health care
52
Q

carer

A
  • any person who provides assistance in formal paid role/informal unpaid role to another because of that person’s age, illness or disability.
  • they assist with tasks of daily living, assistance with transport, financial or emotional support
53
Q

Medicare

A

Introduced in 1984 - provided all AU with access to basic health care through pub health system. regardless of location or socio-eco status

54
Q

horizontal access

A

equal treatment for similar needs

55
Q

vertical equity

A

priority treatment of those groups with increase health needs and reduced access to health facilities and services (ATSI)

56
Q

health care expenditure

A
  • allocation of funding and other eco resources for provision and consumption of health services
  • majority spent on health g&s eg. medications ans hospital care
  • > 90% to curative services whilst only 2% to health promotion (although increasing)
57
Q

eg of prevention programs

A
  • school medical and dental services, immunisation programs, anti-smoking campaigns
58
Q

benefits of early detection

A
  • less invasive treatment
  • less cost to indiv. + community
  • greater chance of recovery
59
Q

cons of new tech

A
  • expensive
  • requires specially trained operators, increasing labour costs
  • increased life expectancy in conjunction with ageing pop. may result in increase in amount of life lived with disability, increasing use and demand of health care and ultimately health care costs
60
Q

pros of new tech

A
  • treat greater amount of patients due to screening improvements and greater management of disease (eg. CVD)
  • better diagnosis and detection with appropriate treatment, defers chronic illness
  • improve quality of life - faster return to workforce, better emotional wellbeing, increase in lif span
  • less invasive
  • faster recovery and rehab period
61
Q

eg of new tech

A
  • minimal access techniques for interventions inc. keyhole surgery
  • hip and knee replacements
62
Q

acupuncture

A
  • painless insertion of needles across certain points of body to obtain benefits such as aiding in digestive, respiratory and vascular conditions (eg. diarrhoea, asthma, hypertension)
63
Q

aromatherapy

A
  • use of aromatic plant oils for psychological and physical well being and can assist with digestive problems, headaches and stress

PDHPE HSC (5 decks)

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