Core B 2025

Question 1

Mutations definition?

Answer 1

Changes in the base sequence of DNA

Question 2

Genes definition

Answer 2

Sequences of DNA bases that code for a protein

Question 3

Dominant Alleles ?

Answer 3

Forms of a gene that will have an effect if inherited by one parent

Question 4

Recessive Alleles?

Answer 4

Forms of a gene that will have an effect if inherited by both parents

Question 5

Sex linked Alleles

Answer 5

Forms of a gene that are carried on the ‘X’ sex chromosomes. Responsible for inherited diseases

Question 6

Four elements of the composition of blood

Answer 6

Plasma
Platelets
Red blood cells
White blood cells

Question 7

The pancreas produces how many hormones and what are their names?

Answer 7

2 and they are insulin and glucagon

Question 8

4 main symptoms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Answer 8

Shortnesss of breath
Persistent chesty coughs
Frequent chest infections
Persistent wheezing

Question 9

Rheumatoid Arthritis knowledge?

Answer 9

• Autoimmune disease affecting joints
• Causes pain and stiffness
• Affecting hands, wrists and knees
• Can be managed by physiotherapy
• Medicine involve anti-rheumatoid drugs

Question 10

5 main causes of Crohn disease ?

Answer 10

~ Genetics
~ Immune system attacking gut
~ Smoking
~ Previous gut infection
~ Imbalance in the micro biome

Question 11

Two different treatments for Muscular Dystrophy Disease

Answer 11

Steroids and corrective surgery

Question 12

Three functions of the integumentary system

Answer 12

~ Protection
~ Vitamin D synthesis
~ Cutaneous sensation

Question 13

Parkinson’s disease symptoms, what happens over time and cause by what?

Answer 13

Symptoms is tremors, muscle rigidity and sleep disturbances

Severe mobility issues (including risk of falling and difficulty swallowing)

Caused by degeneration of dopamine- producing neurons

Question 14

Crohns Disease treatments and how it works?

Answer 14

Steroids reduces inflammation

Immunosuppressants decrease immune system activity

Surgery removes diseased portions of the intestines (used if other treatments didn’t work)

Question 15

3 treatment to relieve symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 15

• Support therapies

• Levodopa medication alleviates motor symptoms by replenishing dopamine levels

• Surgery (including deep brain stimulation) ~ implanting electrodes in the brain to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas

Question 16

Function skin performs

Answer 16

Producing vitamin D

Question 17

Main function of kidneys

Answer 17

Filtering waste from the blood

Question 18

Crohn’s disease mainly affects..?

Answer 18

Digestive system

Question 19

What is muscular dystrophy disease?

Answer 19

• A genetic disorder causing muscle weakness.
• Gets worse over time. Impacting muscles used for walking and breathing.
• Quality of life improved by physio and low impact exercise. •Treatments steroids and surgery

Question 20

Function of cell surface membrane

Answer 20

Controls the passage of substances into and out of cell and site of antigens

Question 21

Function of centriole

Answer 21

Organelle involved with separation of chromosomes during cell division

Question 22

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 22

Primary function is synthesising proteins

Question 23

Mitochondria functions

Answer 23

Site of respiration producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 24

5 structures of the digestive system

Answer 24

Oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, colon

Question 25

4 glands of endocrine system

Answer 25

~ Hypothalamus (produces hormones that control body temp, heart rate and hunger), ~ pituitary (secretes hormones) ~ thyroid ~ adrenals

Question 26

3 components of renal system

Answer 26

Kidneys Ureters Bladder

Question 27

2 Functions of reproductive systems

Answer 27

Male: Produce and deposit sperm Female: produce egg cells and nourish offspring

Question 28

3 treatments for type 2 diabetes

Answer 28

Lifestyle change (e.g diet and exercise) Metformin medication Insulin

Question 29

Benefits of Metformin medication

Answer 29

Improved body’s sensitivity to insulin Does not cause low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) Associated with weight loss

Question 30

Disadvantage of Metformin

Answer 30

Common side effects include nausea, diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort Can cause a serious condition called Lactic Acidosis People who consume large amounts of alcohol cannot have metformin

Question 31

4 examples of how a pathogen can enter the body through direct transmission

Answer 31

1) skin to skin contact 2)Sharing of needles 3)Unprotected sexual intercourse 4)inhaling infected droplets

Question 32

4 treatments for cancer

Answer 32

Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Monoclonal anti-body therapy Surgery

Question 33

Cancer facts

Answer 33

Cancer is a disease which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably Benign • small, slow growing stay localised Malignant • large, fast growing, metastasise

Question 34

Difference between hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia

Answer 34

Hyperglycaemia is when the blood glucose concentration rises above normal level but Hypoglycaemia is when the blood glucose concentrations falls below normal level

Question 35

Is Testicular Cancer cause known plus what are the symptoms of this Cancer?

Answer 35

Unknown cause at the moment ~ A lump in the testicle ~ Testicle getting bigger ~ An ache in the testicle or scrotum

Question 36

What is Carcinoma?

Answer 36

Carcinoma is cancer that forms in epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue lines most of the body’s organs, internal passage ways in the body (like the oesophagus) and skin. Most cancers are carcinoma

Question 37

Thyroid hormone functions impact … (some)

Answer 37

How slow or fast calories are being burned to produce energy Follicle and embryo development Raising and lowering body temperature

Question 38

What is Goitre ?

Answer 38

Goitre is a swelling of the thyroid gland that causes a lump in the front of your neck. Caused by under active or over active thyroid.

Question 39

Causes of Thyroid Cancer (risk factors):

Answer 39

• Family history of Thyroid Cancer • Radiation exposure • Weight and height • Acromegaly- a rare condition where the body produces too much growth hormones

Question 40

Types of Thyroid Cancer

Answer 40

Papillary Thyroid Cancer - most common Follicular Thyroid Cancer - differentiated tumor type Medullary Thyroid Cancer Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer - most aggressive form

Question 41

Airborne transmission description

Answer 41

Respiratory droplets containing pathogens will release into the air. Then inhaled by someone else.

Question 42

Direct contact transmission

Answer 42

Pathogens from sneezing and coughing can transfer directly to surfaces someone could pick up these pathogens by touching the same surfaces that have been contaminated.

Question 43

Droplet transmission

Answer 43

Settles on someone’s bed or personal belongings

Question 44

Indirect contamination

Answer 44

Contaminated food or water consumed

Question 45

Three primary features of motor neurons

Answer 45

Dendrites that make connections with other neurones The cell body which contains a nucleus and other organelles The axon carries nerve impulses

Question 46

Type 2 Diabetes can lead to…

Answer 46

various complications affecting multiple body systems. Poorly managed blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke and vision problems.

Question 47

The outermost of layer of the skin acts as a barrier against…

Answer 47

pathogens and regulates water loss. The epidermis would migrate to the wound site starting healing process. Beneath epidermis is dermis. Subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat providing insulation to the skin. Both the dermis and subcutaneous tissue contain blood vessels Blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to the wound site. White blood cells help clear debris and fight of infection

Question 48

IVF involves

Answer 48

Stimulating ovaries to produce multiple eggs and then retrieve and fertilise with sperm in a laboratory setting. One or more embryos transferred to uterus, monitored to ensure potential for pregnancy