Core Concept: Chemical elements are joined together to form biological compounds

Question 1

What gives water its properties

Answer 1

its a polar molecule which allows hydrogen bonds between molecules

Question 2

Properties of water and their function

five points

Answer 2

solvent - Can dissolve polar substances

is a metabolite - Water is a reactant in photosynthesis and hydrolysis, produced in aerobic respiration and condensation.

high specific heat capacity - means aquatic enviroments are stable and not susceptible to high temperature changes

high latent heat of vaporisation -allows evapoouration for cooling

high surface tention - support small light organisms on its surface

Question 3

General formula of amino acids

Answer 3

NH2CH(R)COOH

Question 4

How many amino acids are there and What makes each amino acid different

Answer 4

20 the varable group (R) is different

Question 5

What is 2 amino acids linked together called

Answer 5

dipeptide

Question 6

What bonds hold amino acids together

Answer 6

peptide bonds

Question 7

What is a polypeptide

Answer 7

multiple amino acids joined together to form a long chain

Question 8

Primary structure of proteins and bonds

Answer 8

polypeptide sequence
peptide bonds

Question 9

Secondary structure of proteins and bonds

Answer 9

alpha helicas and beta pleated sheets
peptide and hydrogen bonds

Question 10

Tertiary structure of proteins and bonds

Answer 10

the attraction of the R groups causes a tertiary structure which is either globular or fibrous
peptide, hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bonds and hydrophobic interactions

Question 11

Quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 11

when more than one polypeptide chain in the protein eg Haemoglobin

Question 12

Describe Fibrous proteins
provide an example

Answer 12

structural function and have long thin molecules and are insoluble they are parallel chains or sheets with many cross links making them strong, tough and stable
collegen

Question 13

Describe globular proteins
provide an example

Answer 13

metabollic function compact and spherical shape they are soluble and function as enzymes and hormones
enzymes

Question 14

Name the Test for proteins

Answer 14

buiret test

Question 15

Describe the test for proteins and state any observations

Answer 15

buiret reagent is added
solution turns blue to purple if present

Question 16

Define organic

Answer 16

containing a high Proportion of carbon atoms

Question 17

Define monosaccharide
And its general formula

Answer 17

an individual sugar molecule they are the building block for comlex carbohydrates
(CH2O)n

Question 18

Define triose, pentose and hexose
And an example of each

Answer 18

Triose has 3 carbons - triose phosphate
pentose has 5 carbons - ribose
hexose has 6 carbons - glucose

Question 19

Functions of monosaccharides

four

Answer 19

source of energy
monomer in polypeptides
constituent in nucleic acids and ATP
Intermediate in respiration and photosynthesis

Question 20

Define Disaccharides

Answer 20

two monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction to form a glycosidic bond

Question 21

Name three disaccharides, their biological role and their monosaccharide constituents

Answer 21

maltose- glucose and glucose - in germinating seeds
sucrose - fructose and glucose - transport in the phloem of plants
lactose - galactose and glucose - in mammalian milk

Question 22

Define Polysaccharides

Answer 22

multiple monosaccahride monomers joined by glycosidic bonds to form a long chain carbohydrate

Question 23

Name four polysaccharides

Answer 23

starch
cellulose
glycogen
chitin

Question 24

describe the function, structure and bonds of Starch
name its monomers

Answer 24

used in plants as energy storage as it is insoluble compact and stored in a small place and can be hydrolysed to release high ammounts of energy in its C-H and C-C bonds.
startch contains amylose and amylopectin
amylose is unbranched snd has a alpha helicas stucture with 1,4-glycosidic bonds
amylopectin which is a highly branched straight chain molecule
that has 1,4-glycosidic bonds and 1,6-glycosidic bonds causing the branching (means more quickly hydrolysed)

Question 25

describe the function, structure and bonds of glycogen name its monomers

Answer 25

used as energy storage in animals as its hydrolysed quickly and is able to be compact and have a high energy stored in the many C-C and C-H bonds they have shorter 1,4-glycosidic bonds than amylopectin and so are more branched with and 1,6-glycosidc bonds

Question 26

describe the function, structure and bonds of cellulose name its monomers

Answer 26

monomers are b-glucose used in cell walls of plants each b gllucose is rotated 180 degrees to allow the formationof hydrogen bonds between layers (cross linked)1,4 glycosidic bonds only

Question 27

describe the function, structure and bonds of chitin name its monomers

Answer 27

b-glucose in exoskeletons of insects and in fungal cell walls some OH groups replaced with acetylamine glucose rotatated 180 degrees between bonds so H bonds enable cross linkage between chains chitin is strong, waterproof and lightweight 1,4-glycosidic bonds only

Question 28

Describe the Test for starch

Answer 28

iodine is added solution turns from brown/orange to it blue/black

Question 29

Describe the Test for reducing sugar

Answer 29

heat with benedicts reagent goes from blue to green to orange to brick red depending on concentration

Question 30

Define inorganic

Answer 30

molecule or ion contining no more than one carbon atom

Question 31

Function of Mg2+,Fe2+,PO(4)3- and Ca2+

Answer 31

Mg2+ - component in chlorophyll Fe2+ - component in haemoglobin PO(4)3- - component in phospholipids and nucleic acids Ca2+ - component in bones and teeth

Question 32

Describe the components bonds and formation of Triglycerides

Answer 32

glycerol and three fatty acid tail condensation reaction forming ester bonds between each fatty acid tail and the glycerol

Question 33

Describe the components, formation and properties of a phospholipid

Answer 33

glycerol, phospahte group and 2 fatty acid tails hydrophillic phosphate head hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Question 34

Define saturated ( fat or oil)

Answer 34

containing no C=C bonds only C-C fat (solid)

Question 35

Define unsaturated ( fat or oil)

Answer 35

containing one (monounsaturated) or two or more (polyunsaturated) C=C bonds (Oil)

Question 36

Roles of phospholipids and Structure | 2 points

Answer 36

component in cell membranes electrical insulation in the myelin sheath have a polar hydrophillic phosphate head and two non polar hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Question 37

Roles of triglycerides | 4 points

Answer 37

thermal insulation protection metabolic water energy storage

Question 38

Roles of waxes

Answer 38

waterproofing

Question 39

Test for lipids (fats and oils)

Answer 39

Emulsion test add ethanol and water shake and emulsion appears (cloudy white)

Question 40

Describe complications of a poor high density saturated fat diet

Answer 40

Atherosclerosis and heart failure

Question 41

What are LDL

Answer 41

low density lipoproteins cause build up of solid fats (Atheroma) in arteries made after digestion saturated lipid+proteins

Question 42

What are HDL

Answer 42

high density lipoproteins carry LDLs away to the liver for disposal made after digestion unsaturated lipid+proteins