Core Concepts

Question 1

What is interdependence in physiology?

Answer 1

Interdependence is the concept that physiological systems rely on one another to function. For example, the digestive system depends on the circulatory system to transport absorbed nutrients.

Question 2

Give an example of paracrine signaling.

Answer 2

A cell releases a chemical messenger that acts on nearby cells, such as a local mediator affecting neighboring cells.

Question 3

What does “flow down gradients” mean?

Answer 3

Movement of substances from areas of high concentration or energy to areas of lower concentration, such as ions moving across a membrane.

Question 4

Define homeostasis.

Answer 4

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes, essential for survival and function.

Question 5

What are the five types of cell-cell chemical communication?

Answer 5

Paracrine secretion, neurotransmitter secretion, hormonal secretion, neurohormone secretion, and pheromone signaling.