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Core Conditions Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What is the main sign of a peptic ulcer?

A

Epigastric pain worse after meals/when lying flat

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2
Q

What are the red flags for a suspected peptic ulcer requiring an immediate endoscopy? (6)

A

ALARMS:

  1. Anaemia
  2. Loss of weight
  3. Anorexia
  4. Recent onset
  5. Melaena/haematemesis
  6. Swallowing difficulty
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3
Q

What is the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer formation?

A

Decreased prostaglandin release which control acid release and increase mucous production

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4
Q

What Ix are done for someone with a suspected peptic ulcer? (2)

A
  1. Carbon 13 urea breath test for H. pylori

2. Upper GI endoscopy (if worried about perforation or malignancy)

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5
Q

What are the main RFs for peptic ulcer formation? (5)

A
  1. H pylori
  2. NSAIDs
  3. Adrenaline/NA
  4. Smoking
  5. Alcohol
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6
Q

What is the management for someone with a peptic ulcer? (6)

A
  1. Lifestyle: decrease smoking/alcohol
  2. H. pylori eradication
  3. Acid secretion control (PPI = omeprazole or H2 receptor antagonist = ranitidine)
  4. Neutralise acids
  5. Mucosal protection (misoprostol)
  6. Surgery
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7
Q

What are the signs of iron deficiency anaemia? (4)

A
  1. Koilonychia
  2. Atrophic glossitis
  3. Angular stomatitis
  4. Conjunctival pallor
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8
Q

What Ix are done for someone with suspected iron deficiency anaemia? (3)

A
  1. Blood film
  2. Serum ferritin (reduced)
  3. Total Iron Binding Capacity (raised)
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9
Q

What is seen on a blood film w Iron deficiency anaemia? (2)

A

Microcytic + hypochromic anaemia

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10
Q

What is the management for iron deficiency anaemia? (2)

A
  1. Treat underlying cause

2. Oral ferrous sulphate after iron returns to normal

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11
Q

What is diverticular disease? And what are the symptoms?

A

Herniation of the mucosa and submucosa through the muscular layer of the colon wall

Asymptomatic

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12
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

Infection of the diverticula

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13
Q

What are the presentations of diverticulitis? (3)

A
  1. Recurrent dull lower left quadrant pain
  2. Change in bowel habit
  3. Bleeding
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14
Q

What Ix are done for someone w suspected diverticular disease? (3)

A
  1. FBC (leucocytosis)
  2. CXR (exclusion)
  3. CT Abd. (confirmation of diverticula)
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15
Q

What are the main RFs for diverticular disease? (2)

A
  1. Age

2. Low fibre diet

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16
Q

What is the treatment for diverticular disease? (4)

A

None if asymptomatic

  1. Analgesia
  2. Fibre supplement
  3. Abx if diverticulitis
  4. Surgery
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17
Q

What are the symptoms of colorectal polyps?

A

Asymptomatic

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18
Q

What are the RFs for colorectal polyps? (5)

A
  1. Age
  2. FHx and genetics
  3. Hx of polyps
  4. Acromegaly
  5. IBS
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19
Q

What are the causes of colorectal polyps? (3)

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A
  1. Familial adenomatous polyposis (100% risk of colon cancer)
    2, Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
  2. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (benign harmatomatous polyp)
20
Q

What Ix are done for someone w suspected colorectal polyps? (4)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Colonoscopy
  2. Flex sigmoidoscopy
  3. Double contrast barium enema
  4. Narrow band imaging (determine whether polyp is neo/non-neoplastic)
21
Q

What is the management for someone with colorectal polyps? (2)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Edoscopic polypectomy (best)

2. Prophylactic colectomy for those with FAP

22
Q

What is cholecystitis? What are the symptoms/signs? (3)

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A

Inflammation of the bile duct due to the passing of a stone

  1. RUQ pain
  2. Fever
  3. Murphy’s sign
23
Q

What is ascending cholangitis? What are the symptoms/signs? (3)

Study These Flashcards
A

Inflammation of the biliary tree due to INFECTION

Charcot’s triad (can lead to sepsis):

  1. RUQ pain
  2. Fever
  3. Jaundice
24
Q

Where can the pain of biliary colic radiate to?

25
How do gallstones form?
Bile supersaturating with cholesterol
26
What Ix are done for someone w gall stone disease? (4)
1. FBC (raised CRP/WCC suggests cholecystitis or cholangitis) 2. LFTs (raised ALP + ALT) 3. Abd. US 4. ABG (for sepsis w cholangitis)
27
What are the RFs for gall stone disease?
5Fs: Fat, forty, female, fair, fertile
28
What is the management for someone with gallstone disease? (4)
1. Cut out high fat diet (biliary colic) 2. Analgesia + ABx (if cystitis or angitis 3. Endoscopic lithotripsy 4. Cholecystectomy
29
What is a hiatus hernia? What are the symptoms? (4)
Protrusion of intra-abd. contents through an enlarged oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm 1. GORD 2. Dull retrosternal pain 3. Dysphagia 4. Bowel sounds heard in chest
30
What is a paraumbilical hernia? What are the signs/symptoms? (3)
Protrusion of the peritoneum through a weakness in the anterior abd. wall fascia 1. Pain/hesitation in lifting or coughing 2. Hardening = gut strangulation 3. Thrill felt when patient coughs
31
What is an inguinal hernia? What are the symptoms? (2)
Protrusion of abd. contents through a weakened inguinal ring or inguinal floor 1. Groin/scrotal discomfort 2. Thrill felt when patient coughs
32
What Ix are done for a suspected hiatus hernia? (4)
1. CXR 2. Upper GI contrast 3. Oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD) 4. CT/MRI
33
What causes paraumbilical hernias? How is it managed?
Repetitive bouts of raised intra abd. pressure Surgery
34
How are hiatus hernias managed? (3)
1. PPIs 2. Weight Loss 3. Dietary changes
35
What is diverticulosis?
The asymptomatic presence of diverticula
36
What are the common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis? (4)
1. Campylobacter 2. Shigella 3. Salmonella 4. E. coli
37
What are the common viral causes of gastroenteritis?(4)
1. Norovirus 2. Rotavirus 3. Adenovirus 4. Astrovirus
38
What are the parasitic causes of gastroenteritis? (2)
1. Protozoa | 2. Helminths
39
What is the MAIN symptom of enteric infections? What are the signs of this? (5)
Dehydration: 1. Tachycardia 2. Weak pulse 3. Sunken eyes 4. Deep breathing 5. Low urine output
40
What is the symptom of a type 1 enteric infection?
Non-inflammatory watery diarrhoea
41
What is the symptom of a type 2 enteric infection?
Inflammatory dysentery (blood, mucus + leukocytes in stool)
42
What is the symptom of a type 3 enteric infection?
Penetrating enteric fever (where you get systemic infection)
43
What Ix are done for enteric infections? (2)
1. Stool culture | 2. Urea + creatinine (test for dehydration - can cause AKI)
44
What is the management for enteric infections? (2)
1. Re-hydration | 2. Infection control (isolation)
45
Where in the digestive tract does Crohn's commonly affect and so how do these patients present?
Terminal ileum B12 deficiency (absorbed in the terminal ileum)

GI (3 decks)

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