Core Manual Flashcards
(381 cards)
1
Q
Pest
A
any living thing that has an undesirable impact on something that is important to us
2
Q
Pesticide
A
any substance or mixture of substances used to kill pests or to prevent or reduce damage pests cause
3
Q
IPM
A
Integrated Pest Management, is an approach to pest management in which we combine all available necessary techniques into a unified program with the goal of managing pest populations in ways that avoid pest damage and minimize adverse effects
4
Q
Pesticide Use
A
- the application, transport and storage of a pesticide after the manufacturer’s seal has been broken, mixing pesticides, cleaning pesticide equipment, and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers.
- can also refer to where and how a pesticide can be applied.
5
Q
Site
A
It’s not always a location! Refers to the particular entity to which a pesticide is or could be applied.
6
Q
Label
A
The information about the product and its use that is printed on or attached to the pesticide container at the time of purchase
7
Q
Labeling
A
Includes the label itself plus all other information referenced on the label, received from the manufacturer about the product when you buy it, and approved by regulatory agencies regarding the use of the product.
8
Q
Labeled
A
- means that the use is listed on and allowed by the pesticide product label.
- can be used to describe a container that holds a pesticide and to which the appropriate pesticide label has been attached.
9
Q
What is the difference between a pesticide product and a pest control device?
A
A pesticide product is a substance and a pest control device is mechanical. Pesticide regulations do not apply to pest control devices.
10
Q
Why do you need to follow the label?
A
- To adhere to proper use
- To adhere to the lawful use
11
Q
List the general types of problems pests can cause
A
- Structural damage
- Property damage
- Food Concerns
- Health risks
- Risk to environment
- Impaired functioning of things we use
12
Q
Example of pest structural damage
A
termites weakening wood
13
Q
Example of pest property damage
A
clothes moths ruining materials
14
Q
Example of pest food concern
A
blackbirds eating grapes
15
Q
Example of pest health risk
A
mosquitoes spreading disease
16
Q
Example of pest risk to the environment
A
Asian longhorn beetles killing street trees
17
Q
Example of pests reducing aesthetics
A
Japanese beetles chewing up leaves and flowers
18
Q
Example of pests impairing functioning
A
roadside weeds can grow over road signage
19
Q
4 basic survival needs that bring pests into conflict with people
A
- Food (insects eating crops)
- Water (trees growing into pipes)
- Shelter (asian lady beetles overwintering in homes)
- Breeding sites (wasp nests on eaves)
20
Q
Insect
A
invertebrates with 3 pairs of jointed legs, 3 body regions, mouthparts, eyes, and antennae, sometimes wings
21
Q
3 insect body regions
A
abdomen, thorax, head
22
Q
Insect damage
A
chewing, piecing, spreading pathogens
23
Q
Arachnids
A
invertebrates with 8 legs in the adult stage, 2 body regions, no wings or antennae
24
Q
Centipedes and millipedes
A
invertebrates with long, segmented bodies and lots of legs, chewing mouthparts
25
Arachnid damage
spiders have chewing mouthparts and can bite, mites and ticks have piercing mouthparts and can suck juices and spread disease
26
Centipede and millipede damage
Centipedes can bite but mostly these just creep people out
27
Nematodes
microscopic roundworms
28
Nematode damage
can feed on plant roots and spread disease or become parasites
29
Mollusks
include shipworms, barnacles, zebra mussels, and slugs
30
Mollusk damage
aquatics can cause physical damage or clog pipes, slugs feed by rasping at plant tissue
31
Fish damage
invasive fish can alter ecosystems
32
Rodent damage
eat crops, invade homes, spread disease, cause physical damage from gnawing
33
Bird damage
eat crops, leave droppings that can cause damage or disease
34
Weeds
any plant that is growing where it's not wanted
35
3 types of insect metamorphosis
1. No metamorphosis
2. Gradual metamorphosis
3. Complete metamorphosis
36
No metamorphosis
life stages are egg, young, and adult. Adults do not have wings. eg. springtails
37
Gradual metamorphosis
life stages are egg, nymph, and adult. nymphs resemble small adults. eg. aphids
38
Complete metamorphosis
life stages are egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Larva looks very different from adults. eg. moths.
39
annual life cycle
complete life cycle in one year or less
40
biennial life cycle
Complete life cycle in 2 years
41
perennial life cycle
Live more than 2 years
42
Where on a pesticide label might you find which pests the pesticide will control?
often mentioned vaguely by product name but in detail later in the label in directions for use
43
Why might a pesticide be labeled for use only when a particular pest is in a specified life stage?
because a pest may be more susceptible in a specific life stage
44
Fungi
molds, mildews, mushrooms, and many plant pathogens. Most reproduce by spores
45
Fungi damage
extract nutrients, cause plant disease and wood decay, can produce toxins
46
Bacteria
single-celled organisms
47
Bacteria damage
can cause disease in plants and animals
48
Viruses
too small to be seen and recognized from the symptoms
49
3 sources of pesticides
1. Physical environment
2. Living organisms
3. Manufacturing
50
Pesticides from the physical environment
usually mineral. eg. diatomaceous earth can dehydrate insects
51
Pesticides from living organisms
plant, insect, or microorganism. eg. pyrethrum, hormones, and Bt
52
Pesticide from manufacturing
the majority used, man-made. easier to use usually
53
Antifouling Paints
algae and mollusks on submerged surfaces
54
Avicides
birds
55
Bactericides
Bacteria
56
Antimicrobials (disinfectants)
Microorganisms
57
Fumigants
most pests that are exposed in a confined area
58
Fungicides
fungi
59
Herbicides
weeds
60
Insecticides
insects and closely related arthropods
61
Miticides (acaricides)
mites and sometimes ticks
62
Molluscicides
snails and slugs
63
Nematicides
nematodes
64
Predacides
Vertebrate predators
65
Piscideds
Fish
66
Repellents
Insects, birds, mammals
67
Rodenticides
rats and mice
68
Wood Preservatives
Fungi, bacteria, and insects that feed on wood
69
Defoliants
plants (cause leaf drop)
70
Desiccants
plants (cause drying)
71
Growth regulators
plants and insects
72
Mode of action
The way a pesticide acts on a pest
73
Residual insecticide
provide control for a longer time after application. Desirable when a pest poses a constant threat.
74
Nonresidual insecticide
effective only at the time of application or for a short time afterward.
75
Contact insecticide
kills insects that come in contact with it
76
Stomach poison
only effective if ingested
77
systemic insecticide
a special kind of stomach poison that is absorbed by and spread throughout a treated plant or animal
78
contact herbicide
kills plant tissue in the immediate vicinity of where it was absorbed
79
systemic herbicide
absorbed by plant killing it more effectively
80
selective herbicide
narrow-spectrum, usually either broadleaved or grasses
81
nonselective herbicide
broad-spectrum, kill any plant they contact
82
protectant fungicide
prevent fungi from infecting, must be applied before infection
83
systemic fungicide
eradicants, enter and move inside a plant to control existing infections
84
acute rodenticide
kill in a single feeding
85
multidose anticoagulant rodenticide
takes multiple feedings to kill, less toxic, rodents get less suspicious
86
Pesticide-impregnated materials
pesticide incorporated into products, ie. treated seed, pet plea collar, treated lumber
87
Where on a pesticide label will you find what type of pesticide a product is?
should be prominently displayed on the label near the product name, otherwise under general information or directions for use
88
4 general characteristics of a pesticide product that make it usable
1. Reasonably easy to handle
2. Sufficiently safe to handle
3. In a form that can reach a pest
4. Chemically stable
89
Active Ingredient
substance that controls a pest
90
Inert Ingredient
substance that makes a product usable
91
Formulation
a mix of active and inert ingredients
92
trade name
-also called a brand or product name
-name a manufacturer uses to advertise its product to customers
-appears prominently on the front panel of the pesticide label
-Deep Woods OFF!
93
common name
-a shorter, unique name for an active ingredient accepted by the EPA
-appears in the ingredient statement on the pesticide label
-Deet
94
chemical name
-identifies the chemical components and structure of the active ingredient
- listed in the ingredient statement on the front panel of the pesticide label
-N,N-diethly-meta-toluamide
95
How and why can products with the same active ingredient or similar trade names differ and how does it change product use?
- the formulation can be different
-the concentration can be different
-may contain other active ingredients
-may have different label uses
96
solution
-a formulation containing an active ingredient dissolved in a carrier
-cannot be mechanically separated
-agitation is not needed after mixing
-often transparent
97
suspension
-a formulation of finely divided, solid particles dispersed in a liquid (like chocolate milk)
-particles do not dissolve and must be agitated
-usually milky or murky
98
emulsion
-a formulation where one liquid is dispersed in another (like oil and vinegar)
-each liquid retains its original identity and some agitation is usually required to keep it from separating
-usually milky
99
Emulsifiable Concentrate
- E or EC
-contains one or more petroleum-based solvents and an emulsifying agent that allows it to be mixed with water
-versatile and can be applied with many types of sprayers
-easy to handle, transport and store
-require little agitation, not abrasive, won't plug sprayer or leave visible residue
-easy to overdose or underdose due to high concentration, may be flammable or corrosive, easily absorbed through skin
100
Wettable Powders
-WP or W
-dry, finely ground formulations that look like dust
-usually must be mixed with water and require constant agitation
-one of the most widely used formulations
- easy to store, handle, and transport
-excellent residual activity and absorbed into eyes and skin less quickly
- greater inhalation hazard, difficult to mix in hard water, can clog nozzles and leave visible residue
101
Soluble Powders
-SP
-powder that forms a solution with water and requires no additional agitation
-uncommon because few active ingredients are soluble in water
- easy to store, handle, and transport
-excellent residual activity and absorbed into eyes and skin less quickly
- greater inhalation hazard
102
Flowables
-F or L
-active ingredient is a solid that is impregnated with substances like clay, ground to a fine powder, and suspended in small amounts of water
-easy to handle and apply but subject to spilling and splashing, requires agitation, and can contribute to wear and tear of equipment
103
Ready-To-Use Low-Concentrate Solutions
-RTU
-require no dilution before application but may need to be shaken before use
- small amount of active ingredient in an organic solvent
-useful for structural pest control
-limited availability, high cost, often harm foliage
103
Water-dispersible Granules or Dry Flowables
-WDG or DF
-like wettable powders but small easily measured granules
- granules break apart into fine particles in water and need agitation to stay suspended
- easy to store, handle, and transport
-excellent residual activity
- less exposure risks
- difficult to mix in hard water, can clog nozzles and leave visible residue
103
Ultra-Low-Volume
-ULV
-very concentrated solution used as is or with a carrier
-easy to handle, transport, and store
-no agitation, will not damage equipment or leave visible residue
-easy to over or underdose, easily absorbed through skin
104
Aerosols
-A
-contain low percentage of active ingredients in a solvent
-usually ready-to-use or in pressurized sealed containers
-inhalation risk and often hazardous if punctured or exposed to heat
105
Dusts
-D
- ready to use and contain 10% or less of active ingredient mixed with a fine dry inert carrier
- seed treatments, spot treatments, parasite treatment
- easy to use, get into tight spaces
- high drift potential, dampness can cause issues, inhalation and skin exposure hazard, irritant
106
Granules
- G
- similar to dusts but larger and heavier
-often applied to soil to control weeds, nematodes, and insects living in soil, or for absorption into plant roots
- can be applied by airplane
-minimize drift, release slowly
-difficult to apply uniformly at proper rate, less effective in dry conditions, birds may eat
107
Pellets
-P or PS
- similar to granules but more uniform
108
Baits
- Active ingredient mixed with food or another attractive substance
- Ready to use
- Can be attractive to non-pests, can become a food source for pest if active ingredient wears off
109
8 Things to consider when choosing a formulation
1. formulation will stay in place long enough to work
2. risk to self, environment, and site
3. have the right equipment and safety gear to apply
4. how product might damage equipment
5. ease of handling and measuring
6. how to prepare product
7. are you able to use all of product without having extra to dispose of
8. price
110
Where do you find information on a product formulation?
- Product label
- either part of product name, general information, or directions for use
111
What does 4F or 4EC mean?
4 pounds of active ingredient per gallon and type of formulation ( flowable, emulsifiable concentrate)
112
Adjuvant
- chemicals that are either premixed in the pesticide formulation or added to the spray tank to improve mixing, application, or pesticidal performance
113
Surfactants
- wetting agents, spreaders
- adjuvant that helps pesticide spray droplets wet plant foliage and spread out evenly to be more effective
-useful for waxy or hairy leaves
114
Stickers
- adjuvant that increases the adhesion of solid particles to target surfaces
-reduces wash-off during irrigation or rain and evaporation
115
Extenders
- adjuvant that retains pesticides on target surface, slow evaporation, inhibits degradation by sunlight
116
Plant Penetrants
-adjuvant that enhances penetration of some pesticides into plants
-may be species specific
117
Compatibility Agents
- adjuvant that prevents clumping when mixing formulations
118
Buffers and Acidifiers
-adjuvant that stabilizes water pH to prevent degradation
119
Drift Control Additives
- adjuvant that increases droplet size to minimize drift
- deposition aids
120
Thickeners
- adjuvant that increases the viscosity of mix to control drift or slow evaporation
121
Defoaming Agents
- adjuvant that reduces froth with agitation
122
Foaming Agents
- adjuvant that creates foam to reduce drift and get into voids
123
How do you know if you need an adjuvant?
check the pesticide label
124
Risk
- potential to cause harm
- influenced to toxicity and exposure
- Risk = Toxicity x Exposure
125
Toxicity
- measure of ability to cause harm
- property of active ingredients, concentration, and formulation
126
Exposure
- contact with substance
-can be acute or chronic
127
Acute Exposure
exposure to a single dose
128
Chronic Exposure
exposure over a long period of time
129
5 Individual differences in pesticide risk
1. Weight (lighter higher risk)
2. Age (young and old higher risk)
3. Gender
4. Health Conditions
5. Environment
130
4 routes pesticides can enter the body
1. dermal exposure
2. eye exposure
3. oral exposure
4. inhalation exposure
131
Where to find exposure hazards on pesticide label
under precautionary statements
132
Pesticide Poisoning
when a pesticide makes you ill or has an adverse effect on some bodily system
133
Pesticide Injury
when a pesticide directly damages tissues
134
Allergic Effects of Pesticides
when a pesticide symptom is due to an allergy and not the product
135
Contact effects of Pesticides
- appear right where exposure occurred on the body
-rash, stinging
136
Systemic effects of Pesticides
- arrise at sites other than where exposure occured
- body aches, cancer
137
Acute effects
occur within 24 hours of exposure
138
Chronic effects
arise following chronic exposure
139
Delayed effects
appear a day or more after exposure
140
What does LD50 mean?
-lethal dose 50%
-Dose required to kill 50% of test animal population
- lower percentage means higher toxicity
141
What does LC50 mean?
-lethal concentration 50%
-Concentration required to kill 50% of test animal population
- lower percentage means higher toxicity
142
5 toxicity categories (most toxic - least)
1. Danger- Poison
2. Danger
3. Warning
4. Caution
5. Caution or no signal word
143
Signal Words
- toxicity category words ( Danger, warning, caution)
- displayed on front panel
144
7 Basic Safety Precautions for Handling Pesticides
1. Wash hands before ingesting anything
2. Wash hands before using the bathroom
3. follow all label directions on personal protection
4. Don't wipe gloves on work clothes
5. Launder work clothes at end of each work day
6. Shower at end of work day
7. Use common sense
145
Cholinesterase test
-Cholinesterase can be inhibited by organophospate and carbamate insecticides
- need baseline test before exposure and periodic testing to monitor
146
Role of PPE
- keep pesticides away from body
- be resistant to purctures and tears
- be well sealed
- not be too restrictive on movement
147
How can PPE protection level vary?
chemical resistant and/or waterproof
148
Where on the label will you find PPE requirements?
minimum PPE requirements listed under precautionary statements
149
What is the purpose of the EPA PPE selection chart?
standardized reference chart for PPE resistance
150
What work clothes should you wear every time you handle pesticides?
long-sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes, and socks
151
Why do most pesticide labels require protective gloves?
hands are the highest risk area for exposure
152
Level of protection provided by coveralls
higher coverage than work clothes, can be chemical resistant or waterproof
153
Level of protection provided by an apron
extra front protection but can inhibit movement
154
Proper use of gloves
if arms mostly lowered tuck in, if arms mostly up do not tuck and fold over ends
155
Proper use of footwear
wear pant legs outside of footwear
156
Air-Supplying Respirators
- provide clean, uncontaminated air
- good for low-oxygen environments
- expensive and bulky
157
Air-Purifying Respirators
- use physical and chemical filters to trap and remove contaminants
- do not supply oxygen
- filter specific to formulations
- can be powered or not
158
Respirator fit test
- to make sure mask fits face tightly
- retest if face changes occur
- qualitative (smell) or quantitative tests (particle count)
159
Respirator seal test
-Positive-pressure check: cover the exhalation valve and exhale gently to see if a slight positive pressure builds up (most common)
- Negative-pressure check: cover cartridges and inhale to collapse the facepiece slightly, count to 10, and see if remains colapsed
160
Proper storage, inspection, and maintenance of PPE
- store in a clean area protected from sunlight, moisture, extreme temps, and chemicals
- wash outside of pesticide gear before storing
161
procedure and safeguards for laundering pesticide-contaminated work clothes
- wash and store separately from other laundry
162
Specify types of information that appear on labels for pesticide exposure
- First aid or Statement of Practical Treatment section
- Signal words
163
when should you become familiar with label statements regarding pesticide exposure?
before you use the pesticide so you can react quickly to an exposure
164
when should you assume pesticide exposure has occurred and what should your immediate response be?
- always assume that any symptoms that arise while or soon after working with a pesticide are due to the pesticide
- call for medical help, you may have to get the person out of exposure first
165
when should you seek medical attention for possible pesticide poisoning or injury?
- if become ill while or soon after working with pesticides or in a pesticide-treated area
- swallow pesticide
- gets pesticide in eyes
- exhibits symptoms of injury following dermal or inhalation exposure to a pesticide
- experiences enough dermal or inhalation exposure that common sense tells you to seek treatment
166
what actions should you take if you decide medical attention is necessary following a suspected pesticide exposure?
- remove the victim from exposure
- call for medical help
- reference label/ bring copy of label
167
basic first-aid procedures for oral exposure
- if not swallowed, rinse with water and then have the victim drink a quart of milk
- if swallowed, call the medical facility or poison center immediately to relay directions about inducing vomiting (collect vomit for doctor) or using activated charcoal
168
basic first-aid procedures for dermal exposure
- remove contaminated clothing immediately
- drench exposed skin with water
- wash exposed skin with soap and water, don't use anything abrasive
- dry exposed skin and wrap loosely in cloth, do not apply any ointment unless instructed by medical professional
169
basic first-aid procedures for inhalation exposure
- Carry victim to fresh air immediately (don't make them walk)
- have them lie down and loosen all tight clothing
- keep them warm and quiet, don't let them get cold or overheated
- keep the chin up to ensure that air passages are open for breathing
170
basic first-aid procedures for eye exposure
- flush with plain water immediately for at least 15 minutes
- cover with cloth and seek medical attention
171
when is it/isn't it safe to induce vomiting
- only if label instructs, some chemicals too corrosive or can aspirate in lungs
- do not do if victim unconscious or convulsing
172
symptoms of shock
- pale, moist, or clammy skin
- vacant, dilated eyes
- shallow or irregular breathing
- weak, rapid, or irregular pulse
- possibly unconscious
173
how should you respond when someone goes into shock?
- keep victim flat on back with legs up 1-1.5 inches over head unless vomiting
- keep warm but don't overheat
- reassure and keep calm
174
who can administer antidotes to a person who has been exposed to pesticides?
qualified physicians
175
where should you keep a first aid kit?
readily available to where working
176
what should be in a pesticide spray first aid kit?
- 1qt water
- soap
- single-use towels
- eyewash bottle
- bandages
- chemical-resistant gloves
- blanket
- clean pieces of cloth
- small plastic jar with a tight-fitting lid
- activated charcoal
- shaped plastic airway for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
- emergency phone numbers
177
Heat stress vs. Heat illness
- heat stress is the buildup in the doby of heat generated by muscles and a hot environment
- heat illness includes disorders that can occur when the body is subjected to more heat than it can cope with
178
factors that contribute to heat stress
- heat factors (temp, humidity, sunlight)
- work load: activity level and duration
- PPE: can interfere with body cooling
- water intake: need fluids to maintain sweating
179
topics that should be covered in heat stress training
- the purpose for establishing a heat stress program
- the causes, risk factors, types of heat illness
- the effects of heat stress
- how off-duty activities can increase risks
- workplace procedures to reduce risk
- why PPE is necessary but can increase risk
- how to recognize symptoms
- how to respond
180
5 steps to reduce heat stress risk
- manage workload
- account for heat factors
- select appropriate PPE
- drink plenty of water
- stop work if necessary
181
why should you seek medical attention if you suspect heat illness while working with pesticides?
many symptoms are the same as pesticide exposure symptoms
182
what steps should you take in case of heat illness?
- get to a shaded or cooler area
- remove PPE and hot clothing
- cool victim with water
- have victim drink cool water unless unconscious
183
components of the environment that can be affected by pesticides
- air
-soil
- water
- plants
-animals
- structures
184
3 ways we release pesticides into the environment
- application
- spills
- disposal
185
phytotoxicity and conditions that make it more likely
- plant injury caused by pesticide
- more likely with herbicides
186
steps to protect bees from pesticides
- read label and follow directions
- determine whether bees are foraging in target area
- use formulations less hazardous to bees
- ground applications less hazardous than aerial
- apply when not foraging
- do not spray when desirable blooms open
- spot treat
187
pesticide solubility effect on the movement of a pesticide in the environment
- ability to dissolve in solvent
- if highly soluble in water more likely to move with water
188
pesticide adsorption effect on the movement of a pesticide in the environment
- attraction and binding to soil particles
- less likely to move off a site
189
pesticide persistence effect on the movement of a pesticide in the environment
- ability of pesticide to remain present and active for an extended period
- can be desirable as more effective but can also cause higher risk of exposure
190
pesticide degradation effect on the movement of a pesticide in the environment
- rate of breakdown into less toxic chemicals
- can be chemical, microbial, or photo
191
pesticide volatility effect on the movement of a pesticide in the environment
- tendency to turn to gas or vapor
- increases with higher temp or wind
192
how can pesticides move from the site of release and where can they end up?
in water, in air, attached to soil particles, on or in objects
193
drift
- movement away from the application site in wind or air currents
194
runoff
movement in water by surface movement
195
leaching
movement in water by downward movement through soil
196
secondary poisoning
exactly what it sounds like
197
areas particularly sensitive to pesticides
- places with lots of people
- habitats of endangered species
- surface waters
- apiaries, wildlife refuges, parks
- domestic animal and livestock areas
- food crop areas
198
how do you use county bulletins to protect endangered species from pesticides?
it lists extra precautions to take around a specific endangered species
199
Point-source pollution
comes from a specific, identifiable place
200
Nonpoint-source pollution
comes from a widespread area
201
What impacts the rate of pesticide leaching?
- solubility
- persistence
- low adsorption
202
Label restrictions intended to minimize risk of water contamination
- don't apply directly to water or in intertidal areas below high water mark
- do not contaminate water supplies when cleaning equipment
- regulations on distant to work from water bodies
203
Where on the label will you find information on surface water and groundwater protection?
precautionary statements
204
Steps to minimize risk of pesticide contamination of water
- read the label
- use IPM
- identify vulnerable areas
- keep away from wells
- select appropriate mix and load sites
- containment pads
- avoid back-siphoning
- avoid overflow
- improve land use and application methods
- watch weather
- choose the right product
205
back-siphoning of pesticides
- reverse flow of liquids into a fill hose
- use water tank, maintain air gap, install backflow prevention
206
Pesticide resistance
the inherited ability of a pest to avoid toxic effects when exposed to a particular pesticide
207
4 mechanisms of pesticide resistance
- reduced uptake
- metabolic resistance
- target site insensitivity
- behavioral changes
208
factors that influence the development of resistance in a pest population
- the proportion of resistant individuals in the current pest population
- the proportion of the population exposed to the pesticide
- the length of the pest's life cycle
- the diversity of the pesticides you use
- the mode of action
- pesticide persistence and frequency of use
209
4 practices that are the foundation of resistance management
- use IPM program
- use pesticides only when needed
- apply pesticides at labeled rate
- rotate pesticides with different modes of action
210
where can you find information on pesticide resistance on the label and how do you use this information?
- EPA group number chart
- resistance management, general information, or directions for use
211
why is identifying a pest critical to successfully managing it?
need this information to choose the right control method and timing
212
economic threshold
the pest population density at which control measures are needed to prevent economic injury
213
action threshold
pest level at which control is warranted for reasons other than just economics
214
economic injury level
pest population density that causes losses equal to the cost of control measures
215
natural pest controls
- climatic factors
- topographic features
- natural enemies
216
process and hurdles of using natural enemies to control exotic pests
- need to be sure natural enemy won't become a pest
- strict control
217
Chemical pest controls
- sometimes only effective method
- usually convenient and fast
218
Quarantine programs
prevent people from transporting pests
219
Eradication programs
total elimination of a pest in an area
220
Pest prevention
- best approach when a pest is not a problem yet
- exclusion
- santiation
- selecting resistant varieties
- focusing on health
- conserving natural enemies
- can be pesticides (treated seed, pressure-treated lumber)
221
Pest suppression
- methods to reduce existing pest populations to tolerable levels
222
Pest eradication
- used for small, confined areas
223
what do you need to know and do to implement an IPM program
- evaluate costs, benefits, and risks of each management technique
- select methods that are most effective and least harmful
- use several methods
- observe all regulations
224
why is it important to record and evaluate the results of your pest management efforts?
to inform future decisions
225
mechanical pest controls
- cultivation
- exclusion
- trapping
226
cultural pest controls
- cultural practices
- sanitation
227
physical/environmental modification pest controls
- altering humidity
- refrigeration
- air movement
-light
228
host resistance / genetic pest control
- selecting for resistance
- transferring genetic material for resistance
229
federal law (and agency) that governs the production, sale, and use of pesticides
-Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
230
role of state and tribal lead agencies in enforcing pesticide laws and regulations
enforce and designate local laws that must at least comply with FIFRA
231
purpose and importance of pesticide product registration and reregistration
- to have an analysis of the risks and benefits of a product
232
What kind of data does a pesticide manufacturer provide to the EPA during the registration process?
- toxicity and toxicological tests
- efficacy and performance tests
- degradation, mobility, and residue tests
- environmental effects analysis
233
What is the relationship between the registration and the pesticide label?
- the label is part of the registration and information provided must be approved
234
Why are some pesticides registered as restricted use?
- the only way to avoid unreasonable risk is to require that the pesticide can only be used by trained and certified applicators or persons working under their direct supervision
235
Where on the label would you find a restricted-use statement?
front panel of label
236
Who can purchase and apply general-use pesticides?
general public
237
Who can purchase and apply restricted-use pesticides?
trained and certified applicators
238
Section 24(c) registration
- special local need (SLN) registration
- allows state to expand or limit uses of certain registered pesticides within their jurisdictions
- manufacturers must provide supplemental labeling for each SLN registration
239
Section 18 registration
- Emergency Exemption from Registration
- address pest problems for which no pesticides are registered
- EPA issued at state request
- usually in response to public health quarantine emergencies or crises
- allows use of pesticide for a specific non-registered purpose during a specific time
240
Minimum risk pesticides
- pesticides that pose minimum risk to humans and the environment
- section 25 (b)
- allows EPA to focus on more risky pesticides
- states may still have requirements
- label must be very specific and thorough but otherwise no requirements
241
EPA options for reregistering a pesticide product
- reregister all uses as presented by the registrant
- deny reregistration for all uses
- reregister some uses but not others
- request more data from registrant before deciding
- reregister some or all uses but with added restrictions
242
Private applicator
use or supervise the use of RUPs for the purpose of producing an agricultural commodity on property they or their employer owns, rents or leases
243
Commercial applicator
use or supervise the use of an RUP under circumstances that do not meet all the requirements of a private applicator
244
Federal agencies that administer pesticide application recordkeeping requirements for private and commercial applicators
EPA and USDA
245
Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides
- aims to reduce the risk of pesticide risk among agricultural workers and pesticide handlers
- applies to individuals who work with or directly around pesticides
- must have proper PPE, notification, contamination supplies, emergency assistance, training, and proper labeling
246
Restricted-entry interval
the time immediately after a pesticide application during which workers cannot enter the treated area without proper PPE
247
Where on the label would you find the Agricultural Use Requirements section?
below directions for use
248
unlawful acts under FIFRA
- distributing, selling, delivering unregistered pesticide
- advertising claim not included in registration statement
- selling registered pesticide if contents don't conform to label
- selling adulterated or misbranded pesticide
- detaching or altering container or label
- making guarantees other than what is specified on the label
- advertising or making available a restricted-use pesticide available to a non-certified applicator
- using a pesticide in any manner not consistent with the label
249
steps EPA can take if laws are violated or if a pesticide is deemed unsafe
civil and criminal penalties
250
Pesticide residue on agricultural commodities
- excess residue can be a health risk to people
251
Pesticide tolerance on agricultural commodities
- the maximum amount of a residue that may legally remain on or in good or feed when the crop, animal, or animal product is ready for market or livestock feeding
- EPA
- applies to domestic and imported food
252
what happens if a tolerance is exceeded on an agricultural product?
product is seized and violators may be prosecuted
253
How does the Food Quality Protection Act assess tolerances?
- total exposure from residues found in food, water, non-dietary sources
- aggregate exposure
254
How are tolerances set and enforced?
- Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
- enforced by EPA and FDA
255
What label directions help prevent tolerances from being exceeded?
- Directions for use
- preharvest interval, preslaughter interval, freshening interval, grazing restrictions
256
expectations of pesticide storage facility and practices
- protect your product and investment
- make it easy to move product and keep track of inventory
- protect workers and the community from pesticide exposure
- prevent environmental contamination
- contain pesticides in the event of a spill or fire
- prevent theft
- comply with building codes
- comply with laws
- reduce your liability
257
what items can and can't you store with pesticides and pesticide-impregnated materials
- can store anything pesticide-related and legal
- can't store anything else
258
features of suitable locations for pesticide storage facilities
- separate area best
- secure area
- away from sensitive areas
- protected from elements
259
problems that can occur if storage area is exposed to flood or surface water runoff
- damage to labels
- damage to packaging
- spills and pesticides moving off-site
260
why do you need to control temperature and humidity in a pesticide storage area?
- prevent product and label damage
261
why do you need to properly ventilate a pesticide storage area?
- control temperature and humidity
- reduce buildup of flammable fumes
- protect workers from fumes
262
bulk pesticide
pesticide held in containers that hold greater than 55 gallons of liquid or 100 pounds of solid material
263
fire risks in pesticide storage facility
- many solvents are flammable
- toxic fumes, exposure risks
264
design details of a storage facility that help reduce risk of damage from pesticide spills and fires
- keep well lit, ventilated, away from sparks and flames
265
best use of shelves in a storage area for pesticides
- made of metal or plastic
- aisles wide enough for easy access
266
what should you check when you receive pesticides before you put them into your storage area?
- intact legible label
- sealed
- undamaged
- not leaking or contaminated
267
service container
any container other than the original manufacturer's container that is designed to hold pesticide concentrate or diluted pesticide
268
steps to placing pesticides into storage
- follow storage requirements on label
- check hazard class
- isolate volatile products
- don't store liquids above paper containers
- keep pesticides together by type
269
examples of signs that a pesticide product has deteriorated
- emulsifiable concentrates: sludge or sediment, no milky appearance in water
- oils: no milky appearance in water
- wettable powders: excessive lumping, does not suspend in water
- dusts and granules: excessive clumping or caking
270
Risks associated with transporting pesticides
- Spills
- Vehicle accidents
- Vehicle failure
- Security concerns
271
what do you need to know and do before transporting pesticides
- the hazards involved in transporting pesticides
- how to operate the vehicle
272
features and precautions that make a vehicle suitable for transporting pesticides
- truck is preferred because of the physical barrier
- anything else: keep pesticides in the back and keep vehicle well ventilated, put screen between back where pesticides are and driver to secure pesticides
- non-pourous cargo hold
- secure load
- monitor temperature of storage area
273
items to carry in case of a pesticide transportation accident and where to keep them
- copy of the label and material safety data sheet for each product carried
- communication device
- 24 hour emergency number
- PPE
- soap and water
- dry-chemical fire extinguisher
- spill kit
- keep everything except the emergency response equipment up front
274
where should pesticides be carried in a vehicle?
in the back in a cargo box or cargo hold
275
proper procedure for loading, securing, and unloading pesticides for transport
- transport separately from other items that could be contaminated and anything flammable
- use PPE whenever handling
- load carefully and secure load
- lock vehicle and do not leave unlocked and unattended
- at destination immediately remove product to a secure storage area and take inventory
276
5 things you may need to do if you transport pesticides that are listed as hazardous materials by the U.S. DOT
- receive hazardous materials training
- carry shipping papers and emergency response information in the vehicle
- placard the vehicle
- develop and implement a transportation security plan
- obtain a commercial driver's license
277
benefits of pesticide security
- protecting workers, the community, and the environment from exposure
- reduce insurance costs and risk of being sued
- reduce risk of theft and vandalism
- good relations with your community
278
risks associated with poor security
- unintended exposure
- vandalism
- theft
- use by unqualified applicator
- criminal use
279
security concerns for pesticide facility
- danger of products and alternative uses
- expensive and/or easy to take
- ease of access
- who has access
280
value of co-workers and police in helping identify and assess security concerns
increases awareness and likelihood of spotting security errors
281
steps to ensure employees enhance site security
- labor management
- employee training
- assigned emergency response procedures
- means to report suspicious activity
282
barriers to restrict access to a facility and pesticides
- lock all access points to storage area
- keep all equipment and vehicles where unauthorized access is prohibited
- assign responsibility for locking up
- go through security checklist at the end of the day
- inventory and record keeping
- good computer security
283
how to use warning signs at the facility to prevent accidental entry to secure areas
- post weatherproof pesticide warning signs at access points
- post no vehicles beyond this point signs where appropriate
- post keep out style signs at perimeter fence and notice of alarms
284
how can you control visitor and worker access to pesticides?
- escort or monitor visitors
- limit access of workers to as few points as possible
- keep records of keys
285
how do the risks of pesticide spills and fires extend beyond your property?
- widespread contamination
- exposure to emergency responders
- financial losses
286
components of an emergency response plan
- designate someone who will direct employees and emergency responders in an emergency
- prepare a step-by-step procedure for each emergency situation including when to get help
- maintain emergency number list
- maintain a checklist of what information the emergency responders need
- maintain a map of facility
- maintain a product inventory
- maintain a PPE inventory
- maintain a list of suppliers for more emergency equipment in emergency
287
purpose of the Federal Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (SARA Title III)
helps local government prepare for and respond to releases of hazardous substances
288
roles of the State Emergency Response Commission and Local Emergency Planning Committees in administering SARA Title III
- administered by SERC
- SERC designates a LEPC and reviews their plans
- LEPC develops and updates a county emergency plan and works with facilities to develop facility site plans
289
where you may find an emergency assistance phone number in the event of a pesticide spill
- on many product labels
- on transportation and shipping labels
- in your spill kit emergency numbers
290
where should you have a spill kit?
readily available wherever you are handling pesticides
291
what should a spill kit contain?
- telephone numbers for emergency assistance
- appropriate PPE
- containment tubes or pads
- absorbent material
- sweeping compound for dry spills
- shovel, broom, dustpan
- heavy-duty detergent
- fire extinguisher rated for all types of fires
- anything else specified on product label
- sturdy, sealable plastic container that holds the quantity of pesticide from the largest container being handled
292
4 C's of spill response
control, contain, contact, clean
293
4 reasons why pesticide fires are especially hazardous
- may be flammable or explosive
- may give off highly toxic vapor or smoke
- residues may be present in debris and soil following fire
- runoff may be contaminated
294
information you should share in developing a fire response plan
- location of storage area
- floor plan of storage area with access points
- name and quantities of pesticides
- how pesticides are organized
- pesticide risks
- locations of nearby sensitive areas to protect from runoff
295
what actions you and firefighters should take when responding to and cleaning up after a pesticide fire
- only clean up after it cools
- follow clean up guidelines
296
factors that determine which application method to select for a given pest problem
- habits of the target pest
- characteristics of the target site
- properties of the pesticide
- suitability of the application equipment
- cost and efficiency
297
describe application methods
- band application (parallel strips)
- basal application
- broadcast application
- crack and crevice application
- directed-spray application
- foliar application
- rope-wick or wiper treatment
- soil application
- soil incorporation
- soil injection
- space treatment
- spot treatment
- tree injection
298
what do you need to consider when selecting a spray tank?
spray volume, pressure, size of the area
299
what does a sprayer's pump do and what is required to ensure it operates properly
- supply needed pressure and volume to the nozzles and agitator
- must resist corrosion and abrasion
- can be damaged if operated dry or with a restricted flow at the inlet or outlet
300
3 basic functions of sprayer nozzles
- control the amount of material applied
- formation of the droplets
- size of the droplets
301
nozzle classification and importance
-very fine to extra coarse
- effects surface coverage and drift
302
common nozzle spray patterns and applications
- flat-fan: broadcast applications and structural applications
- event flat-fan: band application usually at planting
- flooding flat-fan: less drift, herbicides to soil
- cone: dense foliage, soil-incorporated pesticides, broadcast application of systemics
- multi-pattern: can be used for multiple applications
303
nozzle materials and resistance
- brass, aluminum, plastic, stainless steel, hardened stainless steel, ceramic
- never use brass or aluminum for abrasive formulations
304
describe each granular applicator
- usually attached to planters or cultivating equipment, gravity-fed
- band and broadcast applicators: agriculture
- rotary and drop spreaders: smaller sites, turf
- air blast units: aquatics
305
how each of the engineering controls can reduce an applicator's exposure to pesticides
- Enclosed cab: lessen exposure
- Check Valves: prevent dripping after you turn off the pressure
- Multiple Nozzle Bodies: lowers need to switch out nozzle during spray
- Tank Rinse Systems: flushes out tanks
306
why do we need to clean pesticide application equipment after use and prepare it for storage?
- prevent future contamination
- lower worker exposure risk between sprays
307
how do we need to clean pesticide application equipment after use and prepare it for storage?
- use PPE
-clean away from sensitive areas
308
Low-Pressure Boom Sprayers
- agriculture, turf areas, ROWs
- low volume spray over a length of pipe that is pulled
- lightweight, inexpensive, adaptable, cover large areas quickly
- low pressure doesn't penetrate, dense areas, not as much agitation often
309
High-Pressure Boom Sprayers
- agriculture, turf areas, ROWs
- high pressure spray over a length of pipe that is pulled
- adaptable, cover large areas quickly, durable, mechanical agitation
- heavy, expensive, use large amounts of water, require frequent filling, drift
310
Handgun Sprayer
- for high pressure sprayer for trees, vines, ROW or landscape
311
Airblast Sprayer
- used in orchards, vineyards, ROWs, christmas tree farms
-high-speed air generated by a fan, low pressure, can be fine mist
- typically trailed by or mounted on a tractor but can be a backpack
- good coverage, can penetrate dense foliage, flexible volume
- drift can be a issue
312
Compressed-Air Sprayers
- for small quantities of pesticides
- usually supplied by hand pump, backpack or hand sprayer
- economical, lightweight, flexible, controlled spray
- only for small areas, no agitation
313
Pesticide drift vs. Overspray
- Pesticide drift: when air currents cause pesticide to be deposited outside a target application site, harder to avoid
- Overspray: when pesticide is directly applied outside of the target area and is always avoidable
314
pesticide drift problems
- damage to non-target plants
- contamination of surface waters
- harm to people and animals
- illegal residues on neighboring crops
315
spray drift vs. vapor drift
- spray drift: at the time of application when small spray droplets are carried by air movement from the target area
- vapor drift: when a volatile pesticide changes from a solid or liquid to a gas and fumes move from the target area
316
5 factors that increase spray drift
- droplet size
- wind speed
- temperature
- humidity
- distance from nozzle to target
317
most important factor affecting spray drift
spray droplet size
318
effects of air stability and temperature inversions on spray drift
- air stability: some level of air mixing reduces drift, too much or too little increases drift
- temperature inversions: drift more likely to occur
319
signs of a temperature inversion
- ground fog or smoke moves laterally instead of up
320
how can you reduce the risk of drift when applying pesticides indoors?
- turn off fans and air conditioners
- close vents
321
factors that increase spray drift and vapor drift
- vapor drift same as spray drift factors plus soil conditions
322
first rule of drift management
to know when not to spray
323
site conditions to consider before starting a spray
- weather
- sensitive areas
- sprayer setup
324
how can you widen the window of opportunity for spraying so you can wait to spray until drift is less likely to occur?
- pest detection/monitoring
- flexible IPM plan
- buffer zones
325
2 main considerations for reducing drift
- nozzle distance to target
- droplet size
326
factors that affect the proportion of small droplets in pesticide spray
- spray pressure
- nozzle
- spray rate
- drift reduction agents
- sprayer selection
327
how boom sprays have an advantage over airblast sprayers for drift
- boom sprayers are closer to the target, produce bigger droplets, and droplets are aimed toward the ground
328
How do types of solid particles drift and how do you prevent it?
- air movement and particle size
329
how do you avoid exposing sensitive areas to pesticides
- never spray or dus near windows on windy days
- always apply downwind
- never apply directly into or across from water bodies unless an aquatic application
330
who is responsible for keeping anyone but trained and protected pesticide handlers out of an area while you are treating it with pesticides?
- pesticide applicator
331
applications which present you with a high risk of exposure
- mist blower or airblast sprayers
- aerosol and fog generators
- high-pressure sprayers and power dusters
- equipment that directs applications over your head
332
what should you do during an application to ensure pesticides are being applied uniformly and at the proper rate?
- check the level of pesticide in your application equipment
- check hoses, valves, nozzles, hoppers, ect.
333
where would you find reentry restriction information on a pesticide label?
agricultural use requirements or nonagricultural use requirements
334
how long should people and pets stay out of an area after a pesticide application if the label does not specifically list any reentry restrictions?
no time provided
335
who is responsible for keeping people and pets out of a pesticide-treated area while reentry restrictions are in effect?
pesticide applicator
336
calibration
- the measurement of the delivery rate of your application equipment
- important to apply the right amount
337
label information needed to calibrate a sprayer or granular applicator
- desired spray rate for liquids and application rate for granules
338
what should you do to prepare equipment for calibration
- clean and inspect equipment
339
determine the spray rate of your equipment
average nozzle output in fluid ounces = calibrated spray rate in gallons per acre
340
3 things you can change to adjust your spray
- spray pressure
- sprayer speed
- size of the nozzle opening
341
factors that affect the flow rate of granules
specific product
342
why do you need to recalibrate a granular applicator each time you switch products?
because every product is different
343
formula to determine amount of spray mix to make an application
total acres to be treated x gallons of spray per acre = total gallons of spray needed
344
formula for how much area you can spray per tank
gallons of spray in tank / gallons applied per acre = acres sprayed per tank
345
formula for how much product it takes to apply a specified amount of active ingredient per acre
pounds of active ingredient per acre / pounds of active ingredient per gallon of product = gallons of product per acre
346
formula for how much pesticide product and carrier are needed to make a given percentage spray
volume of spray wanted x ( %spray wanted / 100%) = volume of product needed
347
how many square feet per acre
43,560
348
why are risks high during mixing and loading?
- easy to be exposed
- handling most concentrated form
- water source can be vulnerable to contamination
- spills of concentrate can occur
349
when should you mix and load pesticides?
just before applying
350
features of a good mixing and loading site
- well-ventilated
- good lighting
- away from other beings, sensitive areas
351
why can using water with a high pH be a problem and how can you fix it?
some pesticides can break down in high pH, add a buffering agent
352
proper selection and storage of tools used for measuring pesticides and opening pesticide containers
- plastic measuring tools
- labeled tools
353
how do exposure concerns during mixing and loading affect PPE selection?
- chemical-resistant gloves
- chemical-resistant apron
- face shield
- other PPE depending on product
354
how do you protect yourself when opening pesticide containers and pouring contents
- open carefully to prevent splashing
- keep face far from container and upwind
355
purpose and benefits of closed-handling systems for mixing and loading pesticides
- increase handler safety
- decrease spill risk
- more accurate measurement
356
benefits of fully emptying containers and the consequences of not doing so
- save money by using all contents
- protect environment from contamination
- meet regulations on disposal
- reduce disposal costs
- make plastic containers eligible to be accepted by pesticide container recycling programs
357
when should you triple rinse empty pesticide containers?
- with liquids
- when instructed on label
- based on state regulations
358
where you can find requirements for emptying and rinsing pesticide containers
storage and disposal section of label
359
what should you do with pesticide containers after mixing and loading?
keep containers secured until able to dispose of
360
which label directions do you follow if you mix two or more pesticides together in the same spray tank?
whichever label is more strict
361
4 conditions that must exist before you would consider mixing two or more pesticides in the same spray tank
- none of the pesticides prohibit the mix
- timing is right for the use of each against it's target pest
- application appropriate all pesticides
- you are sure that mixing will not adversely affect the mix
362
benefits and potential problems of tank mixing two or more pesticides
- saves time and labor
- could be incompatible, more complicated
363
physical incompatibility
the failure of the products to stay uniformly mixed
364
chemical incompatibility
mixing alters the activity/effectiveness
365
when does an item become pesticide waste and who disposes of it?
- product has served its intended purpose
- you intend to discard
366
steps to reduce amount of pesticide waste generated
- use less and use all of product
367
options for disposing of pesticide containers and other wastes
- return them to dealer for reuse or refilling
- recycle them at a pesticide container collection drive
- bring them to a chemical collection drive
- dispose of them in an approved disposal facility
368
where can you find disposal information on the label?
storage and disposal
369
which types of pesticide waste may be disposed of in a sanitary landfill?
non-hazardous pesticide waste
370
why landfill operators may refuse to accept certain pesticide wastes
they will be liable for any contamination
371
how would you manage and dispose of liquid pesticide wastes?
- collection drive or commercial hazardous waste hauler
- solidification
- dealer takebacks
- freezing
372
when is waste considered hazardous and who regulates it?
EPA regulated waste
373
steps to reduce the amount of hazardous waste you generate
- use non-hazardous products
- triple rinse containers
374
4 main categories of information you can find on pesticide label
- product and what is in it
- safety and health precautions
- environmental concerns
- directions for using product
375
where on the label will you find and ingredient statement and what must be listed
- front panel
- must contain active ingredients and their percentage
376
purpose for EPA registration number
indicates the product is registered and identifies it
377
purpose for EPA establishment number
identity of facility that created the product
378
4 times you should read the pertinent parts of the pesticide label
- before you buy
- before mixing and applying
- before storing
- before disposing
379
why you should avoid saying "safe" and "EPA-approved"
all products carry risks
