CORE: Power and Authority in the Modern World

Question 1

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 1

A Peace Treaty signed on th 28th June 1919, between Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and US against Germany. The representatives Woodrow Wilson (US President), David Lloyd George (UK Prime Minister) and Georges Clemenceau (France premier) all had different prespectives on the Treaty and how it should punish Germany.

Question 2

What did Woodrow Wilson want?

Answer 2

He had opposed against the harsh punishment and wanted to form the League of Nations, Was seen as the nicest out of the three.

Question 3

What did Georges Clemenceau want?

Answer 3

He wanted the harshest punishment, wanted revenge for what the Germans did. He was also against the League of Nations. Was seen as the harshest out of the three.

Question 4

What did David Lloyd George want?

Answer 4

Wanted them to suffer but still be able to trade with them. He was seen as in the middle of the three

Question 5

Impact of Treaty of Versailles

Answer 5

LAMB: Land, Arms, Money, Blame, They couldn’t unite with with Austria, Saar (rich coal fields) was given to France for 15 years, Germany’s colonies given to France and Briten as mandates, German’s couldn’t go on Rhineland since it was demilitarised. Germany was forced to have 100k soldiers, 6 battleships, no submarines or airforce. Germans also had to pay 132 billion in gold marks as reparations.

Question 6

Reactions to the Treaty

Answer 6

Germans saw it as unfair and were upset. French felt it wasn’t that harsh, British were happy as it was perfect on their end, Americans felt that it was too harsh.

Question 7

Why did dicators rise in the Interwar period

Answer 7

1. Pre-war Tensions
2. Economic issues
3. Dissatisfaction with treaties
4. Failure of the League of Nations
5. Weakness in Democracy
6. Advancement in technology (radios)
7. Flawed democratic systems and corruption

Question 8

Rise of Italy in the interwar period

Answer 8

• Italy faced strikes, food shortages, hyperinflation and hgih unemployment after the war.
• “The war had left the Italian economy in ruins” - Nigel Jones.
• Italy were also dissatisfied with the treaty as they didn’t recieve what they were promsied due to their performance in the war. This was from the Treaty of Versailles and secret treaty of London.
• Benito Mussolini used this to take of as a dictator. He led a group of nationalist veterans who later became the Fascist party who were known for wearing black shirts. They then led the March on Rome in 1922 where he was appointed as Prime Minister of Italy.
• Press freedom dissapeared, refered to as ‘Il Duce’ the leader, became ubiquitous, had support from the most powerful groups

Question 9

Rise of Japan in the Interwar period

Answer 9

• Japan came out of the war in good economic shape, went from a debtor to a creditor
• Japan was able to dominate all western markets in Asia while Britain and France were busy with Germany
• They hit a post-war recession, western countries placed tarrifs, strains on food supplies, riots, inequality gap rose, Bribery and corruption was normal, Great Depression
• Japan was mainly run by the military, who was run by Hideki Tojo.
• Military was split between the ‘Control Group and ‘Imperial Way’ Tojo being general of Imperial Way
• Tojo created expansionist policies and wanted to dominate all of East Asia, East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Question 10

Rise of Russia in the interwar period

Answer 10

• Hyperinflation from 1921-1924, Great Depression,
• Joseph Stalin
• Censorship, Propaganda, Control of media and education, cult of personality
• Removed rivals through purges
• Rapid industrialisation through five year plans and collectivisation
• Show trials and Foreign policy

Question 11

What was the League of Nations

Answer 11

An international Organisation founded after the Paris Peace Conference, under Woodrow Wilson

Question 12

What were the LoN’s goals

Answer 12

Disarmament, Preventing other wars, Settling disputes through diplomacy rather than wars, Improving welfare.

Question 13

Why did they fail

Answer 13

No armed force, Economic sanctions were difficult to enforce thus ineffective, Lack of universal membership (US never joined lmao), Indecisive as countries failed to vote, Failed in Invasion of Manchuria and Invasion of Abyssinia, “The League never had any chance of success” - John Duncan

Question 14

Key moments of Hitlers rise to power

Answer 14

1. Appointed chancellor in Janurary 1933
2. Attaining full power in March 1933
3. ToV being signed, Stab in the Back theory
4. Hyperinflation
5. French occupation of the Ruhr

Question 15

What helped Hitler rise to power

Answer 15

1. Stab in the Back theory
2. Propaganda
3. Collective hate on Jews and Communists
4. Poor economic and social conditions
5. ToV
6. Enabling Act
7. Editorial Act
8. Reichstag Fire

Question 16

Key timeline in consolidation

Answer 16

Feb 28 - Reichstag fire, 4000 arrested and 1000 imprisoned all communists
Mar 13 - Establishment of Ministry of Propaganda and Enlightenment
Mar 23 - Enabling Act
Mar in general - Gestapo secret police, concentration camps
Oct 4 - Editorial Law
Nov 12- Reichstag Election winning 93% of votes
Jan - Abolotioning State Parliaments
Feb - Abolotioning Reichsrat, upper house of parliament
Jul 1 - Night of the Long Knives

Question 17

Nazi Ideology

Answer 17

1. Race - purity and superiority of the german race, Aryan “master race”. Ideal Aryan was blond, blue eyed and tall
2. Social Darwinism - Surival of the fittests
3. Grossdeushland - Greater germany, creating a unified germany, had to undo ToV
4. Lebensraum - Space and land and need for expansion
5. Overturn ToV - the two above had to overturn this treaty
6. Blood & Soil - they came from the land, wanted to identify with their glorious historic past
7. Autarky - self sufficiency, four year plans
8. Fuhrerprinzip - structure of party and Hitler is leader.

Question 18

Jewish Life in Germany

Answer 18

Jews were ‘subhuman’ from Social Darwinism ideology, Jews were heavily targeted, boycotts took place ‘Night of Broken Glass’, book burnings of all Jewish literature. “race of parasites” - Joseph Goebells. Nuremburg laws isolated and excluded all Jews

Question 19

Minority Groups in Germany

Answer 19

Ideology of race targeted Gypsies, disabled, Soviet PoW, Afro-Germans, he was scared of intermarriages between Aryans and the minority groups. They stopped them by Sterilisation, Euthansia, and concentration camps.

Question 20

Propaganda in Germany

Answer 20

Ministry of Public Englightenment and Propaganda led by Joseph Goebells, it was used to glorify hitler, unify the nazis and show hatred to jews and communists. They used films, art, radios, books, education and press.

Question 21

Church in Germany

Answer 21

Hitler believed that church was incompatibale with their ideologies. Hitler first made agreements since Germany is a christan nation, but then went against it, night of the long knives killed some of the catholic party leaders

Question 22

Workers

Answer 22

They grew popularity once they tried to fix unemployment. “Hitler’s government was lucky in timing” - Richard Evans. Kraft Durch Freude - “Strength through joy”, cheap holidays and benefits were provided. KDF served two main purposes, to ensure no one had enough free time to go against them, and make them be grateful of Hitler.

Question 23

Education in Germany

Answer 23

Nazis saw education as a powerful tool, they aimed to indoctrinate the younger generation. They put emphasis on sport, history and racial science. Textbooks were used to promote ideology, males did more demanding subjects.

Question 24

Women in Germany

Answer 24

wanted to reverse trends that gave them opportunities, main role was to bear children of Aryans. “Kinder, Kuche, Kirche”, awards were used for women who bared children. Awards were withdrawn if not raised by ideology, in 6 years 4.2m awards awarded, German newspaper said that “They cannot think logically or reason objectively since they are only ruled by emotion.”

Question 25

Prominent Individuals

Answer 25

1. Leni Rifenstahl - German director, producer and photographer, known for documentary films, Das Blaue Licht attracted Hitlers attention, Triump des Willens became most powerful propaganda film made, her involvement in NSDAP ruined her career.
2. Herman Goring - president of Reichstag and formed Gestapo, critical in the night of the long knives
   3- Joseph Goebells - minister of Public Englightenment and Propaganad, goebells made the “fuhrer myth”,
   4- Albert Speer - Became an architect for Hitler, responsible for war economy after becoming the Minister of Armaments and Munitions, speer increased duration of war for 2 years, found guilty and was the only person who walked out alive after prison.

Question 26

Use of Law

Answer 26

Hitler became chancellor, Reichstag fire gave him power to arrest 4000 and imprison 1000 communists against him. Enabling Act gave him 4 years to enact legislation without consulting the Reichstag, hitler earned the title of Fuhrer after Hidenburg died, he assumed total control over Germany after.