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LIBERALISM > CORE PRINCIPLES > Flashcards

CORE PRINCIPLES Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT R THE 5 PRINCIPLES OF LIBERALISM?

A
  1. INDIVIDUALISM
  2. FREEDOM
  3. RATIONALISM
  4. TOLERATION
  5. EQUALITY
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2
Q

WHAT IS THE LIBERAL VIEW OF SOCIETY?

A

CENTRED ON THE INDIVIDUAL AS THE PRIMARY UNIT OF VALUE AND CONCERN WHILE RECOGNISING THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES THAT ENABLE INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AND FULFILLMENT. LIBERALS SEE SOCIETY AS A COLLECTION OF FREE AND AUTONOMOUS INDIVIDUALS WHO INTERACT VOLUNTARILY AND COOPERATE FOR MUTUAL BENEFIT.

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3
Q

WHAT IS EGOISTICAL INDIVIDUALISM?

A

BELIEF THAT INDIVIDUALS R SELF RELIANT, SELF INTERESTED AND SELF SUFFICIENT BEINGS. PRIORITISES PURSUIT OF PERSONAL DESIRES AND GOALS WITH MINIMAL CONCERN FOR THE WIDER COMMUNITY.
SOCIETY IS A COLLECTION OF INDEPENDENT INDIVIDUALS.

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4
Q

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENTAL INDIVIDUALISM?

A

EMPHASISES MORAL, INTELLECTUAL AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMEN5 OF INDIVIDUALS. IT VIEWS FREEDOM AS THE ABILITY TO REALISE 1S POTENTIAL AND FLOURISH WITHIN SOCIETY.

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5
Q

WHAT DO CLASSIC LIBERALS SEE FREEDOM AS?

A

NATURAL RIGHT AND ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENT FOR HUMAN EXISTENCE.

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6
Q

WHAT DO MODERN LIBERALS SEE FREEDOM AS?

A

ONLY CONDITION IN WHICH PEOPLE CAN DEVELOP SKILLS AND FULFILL POTENTIAL.

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7
Q

HOW DOES BETTY FRIEDAN APPLY FREEDOM TO FEMALE EMPLOYMENT?

A

ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE IS ESSENTIAL TO WOMEN’S LIBERATION. SAW EMPLOYMENT AS A PATH TO SELF ACTUALISATION ALLOWING WOMEN TO BREAK FREE FROM RESTRICTIVE GENDER ROLES.

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8
Q

WHAT WAS BETTY FRIEDAN’S BOOK CALLED?

A

THE FEMININE MYSTIQUE
CRITIQUED THE POST WW2 IDEAL THAT WOMEN’S FULFILLMENT CAME SOLELY FROM MARRIAGE AND MOTHERHOOD - LIMITED FREEDOM BY TRAPPING THEM IN UNFILFILLING ROLES AND DENYING POTENTIAL FOR GROWTH.

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9
Q

WHY DO LIBERALS BELIEVE IN FREEDOM UNDER THE LAW?

A

SEE LAWS AS NECESSARY TO PROTECT INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND PREVENT TYRANNY. LAWS CREATE A FRAMEWORK WHERE PEOPLE CAN EXERCISE THEIR FREEDOMS WITHOUT INFRINGING ON OTHER’S RIGHTS.

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10
Q

WHAT DOES JOHN LOCKE SAY ABOUT FREEDOM UNDER THE LAW?

A

“WHERE THERE IS NO LAW, THERE IS NO FREEDOM”

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11
Q

WHAT IS NEGATIVE FREEDOM?

A

FREEDOM TO BE LEFT ALONE. ALLOWS INDIVIDUALS TO ACT AS THEY CHOOSE AS LONG AS THEY DON’T INFRINGE OTHERS’ RIGHTS. EMPHASIS ON INDIVIDUAL AUTONOMY AND LIMITED GOVT INTERFERENCE AS THEY ONLY STEP IN TO PROTECT FROM HARM AND DON’T DICTATE PERSONAL CHOICE.

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12
Q

WHAT IS ISAIAH BERLIN’S DESCRIPTION OF NEGATIVE FREEDOM?

A

ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL CONSTRAINTS

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13
Q

WHAT CLASS OF LIBERALISM IS NEGATIVE FREEDOM MOST CLOSELY ASSOCIATED TO?

A

CLASSICAL LIBERALISM

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14
Q

HOW DID T.H GREEN CHALLENGE NEGATIVE FREEDOM?

A

ARGUES THAT TRUE LIBERTY ISN’T JUST ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL CONSTRAINTS BUT ALSO THE PRESENCE OF CONDITIONS THAT ENABLE INDIVIDUALS TO DEVELOP AND ACT ON THEIR OWN POTENTIAL.

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15
Q

WHAT DOES T.H GREEN SEE AS THE ROLE OF THE STATE?

A

NOT AS AN ENEMY OF FREEDOM BUT AS A TOOL TO PROMOTE REAL LIBERTY BY INTERVENING IN AREAS E.G EDUCATION/ HEALTCHARE TO REMOVE BARRIERS TO SELF DEVELOPMENT AND ENSURE FAIR OPPORTUNITY.

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16
Q

WHAT R EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE FREEDOM?

A

FREEDOM OF RELIGION
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT

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17
Q

WHY IS NEGATIVE FREEDOM NECESSARY?

A

ENSURES PEOPLE R NOT RESTRICTED BY THE GOVT AND PROTECTS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS.

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18
Q

WHY DOES FOCUS ON POSITIVE FREEDOM LEAD TO SUPPORT FOR AN ENABLING WELFARE STATE?

A

CREATES MEANS AND OPPORTITY TO EXERCISE 1S RIGHTS AND REACH FULL POTENTIAL. BEING LEGALLY FREE IS MEANINGLESS IF YOU LACK EDUCATION/ HEALTCHARE ETC SO STATE MUST INTERVENE TO REMOVE BARRIERS AND CREATE A LEVEL PLAYING FIELD.

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19
Q

WHY DO CLASSICAL LIBERALS CRITICSE THE WELFARE STATE?

A

VIOLATES INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AS INCREASE GOVT CONTROL INFRINGES ON LIBERTY. ALSO CAN BE SEEN AS ANTI-MERITOCRATIC.

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20
Q

WHAT IS THE ENLIGHTENMENT?

A

INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT IN EUROPE IN 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY EMPHASISING REASON, INDIVIDUALISM AND CHALLENGING OF TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY.

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21
Q

WHAT KEY BELIEFS DID THE ENLIGHEMENT INTRODUCE?

A
  1. INDIVIDUALS HAVE NATURAL RIGHTS THAT THE GOVT MUST PROTECT
  2. GOVT POWER DERIVES FROM THE PEOPLE AND NOT FROM DIVINE AUTHORITY.
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22
Q

HOW DID THE ENLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCE LIBERAL BELIFS ON FREEDOM?

A

FREEDOM SHOULD BE ROOTED ON THE EXERCISE OF REASON.

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23
Q

HOW DID THE ENLIGHTEMENT INFLUENCE LIBERALS BELIEFS ON HUMAN NATURE?

A

INHERENT RIGHTS ARE INALIENABLE AND GROUNDED IN HUMAN NATURE AND NOT GRANTED BY AUTHORITIES.

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24
Q

HOW DO CLASSIC AND MODERN LIBERALS DISAGREE ABOUT HUMAN POTENTIAL TO REASON?

Study These Flashcards
A

CLASSIC BELIEVE IN NATURAL RATIONALITY AND HUMAN CAPABILITY TO MAKE THEIR OWN CHOICES WITHOUT STATE INTERFERENCE WHEREAS MODERN BELIEVE THAT WHILE HUMANS R RATIONALITY, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BARRIERS PREVENT RATIONALITY SO THE STATE HAS A ROLE IN HELPING DEVELOP RATIONALITY BY PROVIDING EDUCATION AND FREEDOM.

25
WHAT IS ADAM SMITH'S INVISIBLE HAND?
INDIVIDUAL PURSUIT OF SELF INTERESTS IN A FREE MARKET CAN UNINTENTIONALLY ALLOCATE RESOUCES EFFICIENTYLY AND LEAD TO OUTCOMES THAT BENEFIT SOCIETY AS A WHOLE. CLASSICAL LIBERALS USE THIS ARGUMENT TO ADVOCATE FOR A LAISSEZ-FAIRE GOVT.
26
HOW HAVE KEYNESIANS CHALLENGED LAISSEZ-FAIRE POLICIES?
GREAT DEPRESSION DISCREDITS FREE MARKET ECONOMICS AS THE FREE MARKET FAILED TO GOLT STOCK MARKET CRASHES. EXPLAINED BY THE PARADOX OF THRIFT.
27
WHAT IS THE PARADOX OF THRIFT?
DURING A DOWNTURN, PEOPLE RATIONALLY SAVE AS THEY R WORRRIED ABOUT THE FUTURE BUT WHAT IS RATIONAL FOR 1 IS DANGEROUS IF EVERY1 DOES IT AS AD FALLS SO HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT AND RECESSIONS OCCUR.
28
WHAT IS MILL'S HARM PRINICPLE?
THE MERE EXPRESSION OF A BELIEF SHOULD BE TOLERATED UNLESS IT INCITES DIRECT HARM.
29
WHY DID MILL THINK PLURALISM WAS PREFERABLE?
NO1 HAS ABSOLOUTE KNOWLEDGE OF COMPLEX MATTERS SO THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS IS CRUCIAL TO DISCOVERY OF THE TRUTH. ALSO ALLOWS FOR INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY AND AUTONOMY.
30
WHAT IS PLURALISM?
THE COEXISTENCE OF DIVERSE OPINIONS, BELIEFS AND WAYS OF LIFE.
31
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PRACTICE THAT A LIBERAL WOULD NOT TOLERATE?
FGM
32
WHAT IS FOUNDATIONAL EQUALITY?
IDEA THAT REGARDLESS OF CHARACTERISTICS, EVERY1 POSSESSES THE SAME INHERENT WORTH AND MORAL VALUE.
33
HOW HAS THE CONCEPT OF FOUNDATIONAL EQUALITY BEEN USED BY FEMINISTS SUCH AS WOLLSTONECRAFT TO ADVOCATE SOCIAL CHANGE?
ARGUE THAT SOCIETAL SUBORDINATION OF WOMEN WAS UNJEUST AS IT RELIED ON THE FALSE ASSUMPTION THAT WOMEN WERE INHERENTLY INFERIOR TO MEN. USE THIS ARGUMENT TO ADVOCATE FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITY.
34
WHY DO LIBERALS SUPPORT THE IDEA OF A MERITOCRACY?
BELIEVE THAT INDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE REWARDED BASED ON TALENTS AND ABILITIES RARHER THAN SOCIAL CLASS OR OTHER ARBITARY FACTORS.
35
WHAT IS NEEDED FOR A MERITOCRACY TO FUNCTION ACCORDING TO LIBERALS?
EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
36
WHAT IS RAWLS' DIFFERENCE PRINCIPLE?
INEQUALITY IS ONLY JUSTIFIED IF THE LEAST ADVANTAGES IN SOCIETY ARE BENEFITED..
37
WHAT IS FORMAL EQUALITY?
EVERY1 IS EQUAL UNDER THE LAW.
38
WHAT IS RAWLS' VEIL OF IGNORANCE?
39
WHAT IS MILL'S VIEWS ON TAXATION?
PEOPLE SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO KEEP THE RESULTS OF THEIR HARD WORK BUT SOME LEVEL OF INCOME TAX IS NEEDED TO FUND EQULITY OF OPPORTUNITY AND INHERITANCE TAX TO BALANCE OUT WEALTH DIVIDES.
40
WHAT ARE T.H GREEN'S VIEWS ON EQUALITY?
SHOULD EBV A MINIMAL LEVEL OF EQUALITY OF OUTCOME TO ENSURE NO1 IS TRAPPED IN POVERTY OR DENIED ACCESS TO BASIC NEEDS.
41
WHAT ARE T.H GREEN'S VIEWS ON HUMAN NATURE?
PEOPLE HAVE AN INNATE SENSE OF ALTRUISM.
42
WHAT IS ALTRUISM?
PEOPLE CARE ABOUT OTHERS AND HAVE A DUTY TO PROMOTE THE COMMON GOOD.
43
WHAT IS LOCKE'S SOCIAL CONTRACT?
44
WHY DO LIBERALS THINK A STATE IS NEEDED?
TO PROTECT INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS E.G FREEDOM OF SPEECH.
45
WHAT IS A MECHANISTIC VIEW OF THE STATE?
THE STATE IS A MACGINE CREATED BY THE PEOPLE TO SERVE THEM AND CAN BE MODIFIED, SUGGESTING THE STATE OPERATES ACCORDING TO SPECIFIC RULES AND PROCESSES LIKE A MACHINE. THE STATE'S ROLE AND FUNCTIONING R LARGELY DETERMINSITIC.
46
HOW DOES A CONSTITUTION LIMIT GOVT POWER?
SEPARATION OF POWERS MEANS NO SINGLE BRANCH CAN DOMINATE OR OVERREACH ITS AUTHORITY.
47
WHY DO LIBERALS BELIEVE A BILL OF RIGHTS IS IMPORTANT?
PROTECTS INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS AND LIMITS POWER OF THE STATE ENSURING THAT RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES R SAFEGUARDED AGAINST INFRINGEMENT.
48
WHY R LIBERALS MORE SUPPORTIVE OF A DECENTRALISED SYSTEM E.G FEDERALISM?
REDUCES CONCENTRATION OF POWER IN A SINGLE AUTHORITY.
49
HOW DOES ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE'S EXPRESSION, "THE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORUTY SHOW A LIBERAL FEAR OF DEMOCRACY"?
REFLECTS CONCERN ABOUT DANGERS OF UNCHECKED DRENICRACY WHICH MAY SUPPRESS MINORIY RIGHTS AND INDIVIDUAL LUBERTY LEADING TO A FORM OF DEPOTISM THAT COULD BE OPPRESSIVE. DISSENTING INDIVIDUALS COULD BE SILENCED OR MARGINALISED.
50
WHY DID MILL HAVE A PROBLEM WITH THE CONCEPT OF 1 PERSON 1 VOTE?
COMPETENCE AND KNOWLEDGE OF VOTERS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED SO UNINFORMED VOTERS DON'T DOMINATE POLITICAL DECISION MAKING.
51
HOW HAS DEMOCRACY BEEN HIJACKED BY DEMAGOGUES TO BRING IN ANTI-LIBERAL POLICIES?
THEY CLAIM TO SPEAK FOR THE "TRUE PEOPLE" AGAINST ELIES AND USE MAJORITARIAN RULE TO JUSTIFY SIDELINING CONSTITIONAL SAFEGUARDS, MINORITY RIGHTS AND INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS.
52
WHAT IS THE ARGUMENT FOR PROECTIVE DEMOCRACY ACCORDING TO LOCKE?
DEMOCRACY COULD BE USED AS A CHECK ON GOVT POWER AND IF THE GOVT ABUSE THEIR POWER, THEY COULD BE VOTED OUT.
53
WHAT IS THE ARGUMENT FOR UTILITARIAN DEMOCRACY ACCORDING TO BENTHAM?
INDIVIDUALS WILL VOTE TO ADVANCE THEIR SELF INTERESTS LEADING TO "THE GREATEST HAPPINESS FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER".
54
WHAT IS THE ARGUMENT FOR DEVELOPMENTAL DEMOCRACY ACCORDING TO MILL?
PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS PROMOTES UNDERSTANDING AND AIDS PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT.
55
WHAT IS THE ARGUMENT FOR EQULIBRIUM DEMOCRACY?
IF WE ALL HAVE A VOICE THROUGH DEMOCRACY, WE ARE BOUND TOGETHER UNDER A COMMON SYSTEM AND WILL CREATE A BALANCED AND STABLE SOCIETY.
56
WHAT R THE KEY FEATURRES OF A LIBERAL DDEMOCRACY?
1. COMPETITIVE ELECTIONS THROUGH UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE 2. CHECKS AND BALANCES 3. CIVIL LIBERTIES 4. FREE MARKET ECONOMY
57
WHAT IS CONSTITITUIONALISM?
GOVT IN WHICH POWER IS DISTRIBUTED AND LIMITED BY A SYSTEM OF LAWS. SUPPORTED BY LIBERALS
58
WHAT IS THE SOCIAL CONTRACT?
PEOPLEMUST FREELY GIVE AND RENEW THEIR CONSENT TO BE GOVERNED AND HAVE THE RIGHT TO REBEL IF THE GOVT BREAKS THE CONTRACT.

LIBERALISM (2 decks)

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