Core Studies Flashcards
(27 cards)
Why was the aim of SAMUEL ANS BRYANTS study?
The aim was to challenge Piaget’s findings by altering the method used by Piaget showing that his methodology of asking the same question twice was flawed
What are the hypotheses of GRIFFITH’s study?
- No difference in skill between RG and NRG
- RG would produce more irrational verbalisation than NRG
- RG would believe they were more skill orientated that NRG
4 thinking aloud participants would take longer to finish the task
What are the strengths of GRIFFITHS?
Ecological validity because real arcade and real money
Controls because they used same fruit machine and same lapel microphone and transcribed it 24 hrs later
Application because realised making gamblers listen to their verbalisations made them embarrassed and more likely to stop
Qual and quant data so triangulation occurred
Explain Hans’ fear of horses.
When hans was almost 5, he began to be afraid of white horses with black around their mouths.
The black represents his fathers moustache and the blinkers his glasses. The phobia was actually a fear of his father.
Hans did say “daddy don’t trot away from me!”
What were the conditions in SAMUEL?
- One judgments task
Shown two substances, one was changed in front of them and then they were asked if they were the same - Standard two question
Child shown two objects and asked if they’re the same then one was changed and then asked again if they’re the same or not - Fixed array task
Children were shown two substances only free one of them had been transformed and then asked are they the same
What’s was the aim of FREUD’s study?
The aim of this study was to report the findings of the treatment of 5 year old called hans for his phobia of horses.
What were the results of SAMUELS study?
- the ability to conserve increases with age evaluate fewer errors were made by children aged 8 in all three tasks
Chasten can conserve better when they’re not asked the same question twice
Fixed array condition produced highest no. Of errors
The number task was much easier than mass or volume
The volume task was hardest of all
What is the phallic stage in FREUD’s study?
Phallic stage refers to the stage where a child starts having sexual desires for their opposite sex parent. This places him in conflict with his father who is not his rival. The boy fears castration if anyone finds out.
Outline 8 results of the GRIFFITHS study.
RG produced more irrational verbalisations 14% than NRG 2.5%
8 RG believed it was totally skill whereas 0 NRG believed it was totally skill
Playing times were similar for both
Both used more rational than irrational verbalisations
RGs stopped speaking out loud more often than NRGs
Rgs personified the fruit machines more
Rgs spent more time on the fruit machines than NRGS
What are the explanations of the findings of FREUD?
- Freud believed that the findings supported his theories of child development
The case study gave evidence for his theory of the Oedipus complex
This was through Hans phobia of horse which was actually a fear of his father because of his feelings for his mother, and also his jealousy of his sister and his fascination with his widdler
Freud said Hans was not abnormal but actually a very able child because he could talk about his feelings
What were SAMUEL AND BRYANTS conclusion?
Piaget’s conclusion may be partly at fault due to asking the same question twice rather than because they can’t conserve
As children’s age increases, so does their ability to conserve
The ability to conserve number develops earlier than conserve number
Piaget said children’s cognitive abilities develop with age and result agree because older children performed better
Piaget said that children in the preppie rational stage of cognitive development are unable to conserve however results showed that 5 year old children were able to conserve
What was the sample of SAMUEL AND BRYANTS study?
252 participants
Equal no. Of boys and girls
Aged between 5 and 8.5
From schools in Devon
Divided in to 4 age groups
63 participants in each age group
What were Piaget’s 4 stages of development?
- Sensory motor stage
Which is were the child gains understanding of its surrounding by using its senses - Pre-operation stage
Able to represent object or events by symbols or signs e.g. Language - Concrete operational stage
The child is decentred which means it is able to account for more than one factor in a situation - Formal operational stage
Mainly governed by formal logic and the most sophisticated stage of thinking
What was the aim of MILGRAMs study?
To investigate the process of obedience and to demonstrate the power of authority figure even when the demand involved destructive behaviour
What was the sample in MILGRAM
40 males Aged between 20-50 Range of background and occupations From new haven Volunteer sample from newspaper
No students
Experimenter was biology teacher
Victim was 47 yr old accountant known as Mr Wallace
What’s the procedure in MILGRAM
The experimenter to each participant that the study was to do with how punishment affects learning/memory.
The confederate and the naive were always told to draw lots to see who would be teacher and who would be learner but the naive would always be the teacher.
The teacher had a sample shock of 45 volts to show it was real but the learner never actually was shocked.
They used a shock generator that had labels to show the voltages.
Every time the learner have a wrong answer purposefully, he would be shocked and the shocks went up by 15 volts. They started with 15v to 450v.
The learner screamed until 300v where he became silent and no noise was heard.
When the teacher wanted to stop, the researcher would say “please continue” or “the experiment requires that you continue” or “its absolutely essential that you continue” or “you have no other choice u must continue”
What were the results of MILGRAM
100% of participant went to 300v
26/40 went all the way to 450v and were considered obedient
Observed to sweat, tremble, laugh hysterically and stutter
3 people suffered full blow seizures
Comments such as “well it’s not fair to shock the guy” we’re made
84% said happy to take part and 1.3% unhappy
What was the aim of THIGPEN AND CLECKLEY?
To document the psychometric treatment of a 25 year old woman who presented with a history of severe headaches and blackouts but was later discovered to have multiple personality disorder.
Dear vibe the 3 personalities in THIGPEN AND CLECKLEY
Eve white: neat, colourless, demure, conservative. No allergy to nylon, IQ = 110, repressive EEG 10.5 cycles per second
Eve Black: party girl, mischievous, childish, 1.Q= 104 EEG: 12-13 cps borderline abnormal and had an allergy to nylon. She was regressive
Jane: mature, sensible, capable, interesting. EEg: 11.5 cycles
What were the results of the tests from THIQPEN?
The weather memory test showed white to have superior memory above her I.Q and Black’s was on the same level
Ink blot test showed Black was much more healthier than White
Projective personality tests showed White was repressive and Black was regressive
Jane and White were on the same level on the EEG cycles 10.5 -11.5 whereas Black was 12-13 cycles
Eve white was demure and retiring whereas Black was childish and egocentric
What were the conclusions of THIGPEN study
It may have been that Eve White was merrily acting however the fact that they needed therapy lasted over 14 months and 100 I was interviewing makes it doubtful
It could be that Eve White was suffering from hysterical disorder or schizophrenia though many symptoms were absent
The study gave multiple personality disorder and more respected status
Subsequently, there has been an epidemic of MPD and there is doubt about the truth of all claims
Are the strengths of THIGPEN study
The case study approach made them able to look at one individual in depth. The case and it was longitudinal so we allowed to observe change and development. And they were able to find origin and cause of abnormal behaviour.
What were the aims of ROSENHAN
study
Aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between people who are sane and those who are insane
First: test the diagnostic system by seeing if he and seven others could get admitted
Second: observe and report the experience of being a patient in a psychiatric hospital
Who were the participants in rows and hands study
The participants were the hospital staff and patients in 12 USA psychiatric hospitals
The hospitals were in five different state from east to west coast. Somewhat shabby and someone new. One was private others are federal or state funded. One uni funded. And some carried out research and some didn’t.
There were eight sane people: a psychology graduate, three psychologists (inc Rosenhan’s) A paediatrician, psychiatrist, a painter and a housewife
