Core Studies Flashcards
(31 cards)
What’s the sample in loftus and palmers second experiment?
150 participants.
University students.
Split into 3 groups of 50.
Opportunity sample.
Procedure of loftus and palmers study. (Experiment 1)
Shown 7 film clips which were 5-30 seconds long.
Then asked to fill out questionnaire straight after they were shown the film clips.
Then were asked a critical question changing the verb used (hit, smashed, bumped, collided, contacted) of “how fast was the cars going when they (verb)? “
Procedure of loftus and palmers study (experiment 2)
Shown a film clip of a car crash of one clip that was repeated (which was 4 seconds long) for less than a minute.
Asked to complete a questionnaire straight after the film clip.
Then 2 groups were asked a critical question with different verbs (hit, smashed). The other group wasn’t asked at all.
Then were brought back a week later and asked to complete the questionnaire again.
Also were asked another critical question which was “did you see any broken glass?”
Results of loftus and Palmer. (Experiment 1)
Actual speed was 20mph.
Average speed estimate - 37.7mph
Highest speed estimate - 40.8mph (smashed verb)
Lowest speed estimate - 31.8mph (contacted verb)
Results of loftus and palmers (experiment 2)
Highest speed estimate - 10.46mph (smashed verb) Lowest speed estimate - 8mph (hit verb) 7/50 said "yes" in hit verb group 16/50 said "yes" in smashed verb group 6/50 said "yes" in the no verb group
Improvements for loftus and palmers study.
Restricted sample. Widen the age range used. Do this by advertising in a newspaper for more participants. This will improve the representativeness of the sample.
Low in ecological validity. Conduct in a naturalistic environment. By getting an actor to act out a scene in front of them and then asking them to recall what they saw. This would make the ecological validity higher.
What’s the sample in loftus and palmers first study?
45 participants
From university campus
Split into 5 groups of 7
Opportunity sample
Participants in baron cohens study.
Normal adults: 50 overall, 25 males, 25 females, IQ: above 80, selected randomly.
Tourette’s syndrome: 10 overall, 8 males, 2 females, mean IQ of 103.5, from a referral centre in London.
High functioning autistics: 16 overall, 13 males, 3 females, recruited from a variety of units.
Procedure of experimental tasks in baron cohens study.
Eyes task: 25 eyes, standardised to one size, black and white, shown for 3 seconds, have to pick between two mental state terms to describe there emotion. E.g calm and anxious.
Strange stories task: They were told a small strange story which consisted of either sarcasm, white lies or figure of speech and they were asked what it means.
Procedure of the control tasks in baron cohens study
Gender recognition task: 25 sets of eyes, standardised to one size, black and white, asked to identify if male or female.
Basic emotion recognition task: given pictures of the whole face, 6 basic emotions were portrayed, asked to pick from 4 terms what emotion they were portraying.
Results of the experimental tasks in baron cohens study.
Eyes task: average for autistic group: 16.3, average for normal adults: 20.3 (males did worse than females), average for Tourette’s syndrome: 20.4.
Strange stories task: normal adults and Tourette’s syndrome made no mistakes, autistic group was significantly impaired.
Results of the control tasks in baron cohens study.
Gender recognition task: average for autistic group: 24.1, average for Tourette’s syndrome: 23.7, average of normal adults: 23.3.
Basic emotion recognition task: average for autistic: 16.3, average of Tourette’s syndrome: 20.4, average of normal adults : 20.3
Improvements to baron cohens study.
Uneven sample numbers - get more participants, by contacting the referral unit for more Tourette’s syndrome adults, so it makes the results more generalisable to Tourette’s syndrome.
Low ecological validity - making more realistic tasks, get a couple of actors to come in and act out an emotion using body language, this will raise the ecological validity of the whole study.
The sample in savage rumbaughs study.
2 Pygmy chimpanzees: kanzi, male, born in captivity, 6 months old when they started the study, 4 years old when they finished the study, not taught the english language. Mulika, female, born in captivity, born in 1983.
2 common chimpanzees: Austin and Sherman, 1.5 years and 2.5 years when the study started, 9 and 10 when the Study finished, was taught English language.
What were the 4 formal tests in savage rumbaughs study?
Shown a photograph and had to find the right lexigram.
Listened to spoken language and had to pick right lexigram.
Listened to spoken language and had to pick right photograph.
Listened to synthesised language and had to pick right lexigram.
What was the outdoor tasks in savage rumbaughs study?
55 acre wood, 17 places were named after foods that were placed in that area, to get the food they wanted they had to go to that place in the woods.
They recorded the utterances of the lexigram by hand and filmed for 4.5 hours.
What was the communication system used in this study?
A lexigram keyboard was used, contained geometric symbols, when touched the symbol would light up and be sent to a computer to be analysed.
These were analysed to spontaneous, imitated or structured utterances.
What’s the results from savage rumbaughs study?
Kanzi made 2,540 non imitative word combinations, 265 were imitated, he acquired 46 words in total.
Mulika acquired 37 words in total
Improvements to savage rumbaughs study.
Small sample, only two chimps studied - get more Pygmy chimpanzees, do this by getting more Pygmy chimpanzees from other English language learning centres. Generalisability is higher.
Only 1 type of chimpanzee was studied, recruit more species of chimpanzees, do this by getting other species of chimpanzees from other captivities. Allows to let us see what species can and can’t understand English language
Sample in Samuel and Bryants study.
252 children, even number of boys and girls, from nurseries Credition in Devon, aged between 5 and 8 years old, mean age of groups are 5 years 3 months 6years3months 7years3months 8years3months. There are 3 sub groups they were put into. (Standard condition, one question condition and fixed array condition)
What’s are the trails and briefly outline what they are?
Trails 1 and 2 are equal trials, this means that the quantities before and after the transition are the same.
Trails 3 and 4 are unequal trials, this means that the quantities before and after the transition are not the same.
What are the 3 conditions and briefly outline the procedure of them.
The standard condition - shown equal amounts of the materials and asked “has this one got more or this one?” Then shown the transformation and then asked again “has this one got more or this one?”
The one question condition - shown equal amounts of the materials, then shown the transformation and asked “has this one got more or this one?”
The fixed array condition - just shown the materials after transformation and asked “has this one got more or this one?”
What’s the materials used in this study?
Mass - playdoh
Volume - water in a glass
Number - coins
What’s the result of Samuel and Bryants study ?
The older the participant was the more able they were to conserve.
5years3months made on average 8 errors.
8years3months made on average 2 errors.
Made more errors on volume than number - 1.75 difference on average.
