Core terminology Flashcards by Sehar Rana

Proper nouns

Names of people
Names of specific places
Names of brands

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Concrete nouns

Physically touch - eg: chair

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Abstract noun

Concepts - eg: honesty, idea

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Collective noun

A group of people - eg: a heard

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Count nouns

Can be counted - eg: bars, pens

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Mass nouns

Can’t be counted - eg: children, air

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Pre-modified nouns

Come before the noun - eg: the dangerous animal

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Post-modifies

Comes after the noun - eg: examination in progress

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Attributive adjectives

Come before the noun - eg: the red balloon

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Predictive adjectives

Come after the noun - eg: the music was astounding

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Comparative

Adds -er, more or less

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Superlative

Adds -est, most or least

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Main verb

Identify the action of a sentence - eg: cooks, gave

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Dynamic verb

Verbs of action / movement eg: jump, eat

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Stative verb

Describing a state - eg: to be, know

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Auxilary verb

Before a main verb - they give extra information

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Primary auxiliaries

Do, have, be

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Modal auxiliaires

Can, could, will, would, shall, should, must, may, might etc

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Lexis

Vocab of a sentence

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Semantics

How meaning is created through a lexis

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Orthography

Spelling & other constructs

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Grammar

Rules that govern language

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Syntax

How words relate within a sentence

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Pragmatic

Language choice by society

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Morphology

Individual parts (tenses)

Phonology

Study of sounds

Discourse

Whole piece of text (start-finish)

Graphology

How it looks (layout)

Preposition

Show relationships: space, time, direction

Pronouns

Identify objects in a general way

Interrogative pronoun

Used to ask questions: who, where, why, which, how

Demonstrative pronoun

Used to refer / context

Determiners: Numerals

1,2,3 / first, second

Determiners: Possessive pronouns

Come before to show possession (my, you, his, her)

Determiners: Quantifiers

Show quantity (few, enough, many)

Determiners: Demonstrative pronouns

This / those act as determiners when put into a noun

Articles: Definite

Referring to something specific

Article: Indefinite

Referring to something general

Conjunction

Joins a clause together

Co ordinating conjunction

Placed between phrases / clauses / sentences of equal rank

Example of co ordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)

``` F or A nd N or B ut O r Y yet S o ```

Sub ordinating conjunction

Make something less important

Example of sub ordinating conjunction

Since, because, although, unless, however, whereas

Phrases

A unit of language with a head word / identifies the type of phrase

Phrase types

Noun, verb

Syntax

All about the word order and sentence structure

Subject

identifies the topic of the clause

Object

Identifies who or what has been affected by the verb

Complement

Gives further information about another clause

Adverbial

Contains information about the situation

Clauses

Unit in the sentence

Main clause

Can stand alone / make perfect sense eg: I ate

Co ordinate clause

Two or more main clauses

Declarative sentence

Used to convey information / make statements

Interrogative sentence

Are used in asking questions

Imperative sentence

Used in issuing orders / directions

Exclamative

Expression / emotion / feeling as their main function

Minor Sentence

Don't have a subject / verb combination / make sense | eg: be good / feels nice

Simple sentence

Has to have a subject / verb / complete thought | eg: chocolate melts / the rain falls

Compound sentence

2 main clauses joined together by co ordinating conjunctions eg: I ate some pasta / I went to the shop

Complex sentence

Main clause / a sub ordinate clause joined by a sub ordinating conjunction eg: the birds always flew unless they were frightened

Compound - Complex sentence

2 co ordinate clauses / 1 sub ordinating clause with a sub ordinating conjunction eg: because the soup was too cold, I warmed it in the microwave

Neologism

New words / new senses of existing words

Coining

Devise a new word

Blending

Joining syllables to make a new word eg: brunch

Compounding

joining words together to make a new word

Amelioration

Change in meaning that cause it to lose status eg: sick

Pejoration

Change in the meaning that causes it to lose status eg: lame

Broadening

Extending range of meanings by adding new meanings

Narrowing

Loss of range of meaning for a word as the use becomes obselete eg: meat

Conversation

New meaning by writing it to fulfil a different words class eg: noun as verb- google

Borrowing

Adoption of individual words eg: bravo

Core terminology Flashcards

(72 cards)