Cornea

Question 1

Define ciliary flush.

Answer 1

360 degree deep corneal neovascularization that is pathognomonic for uveitis

Question 2

Define cornea edema.

Answer 2

The only ‘blue’ opacity
Often appears heterogenous or fluffy

Question 3

What are the two mechanisms that generate cornea edema?

Answer 3

Epithelial disruption - focal
Endothelial disruption - diffuse

Question 4

Define corneal fibrosis.

Answer 4

Corneal scarring
Results from stromal collagen contracture and appears as a dull, wispy white

Question 5

Define corneal fibrosis.

Answer 5

Corneal scarring
Results from stromal collagen contracture and appears as a dull, wispy white
Non-painful

Question 6

Define corneal dystrophy or degeneration.

Answer 6

Dystrophy most often involves corneal lipid and appears glittery/shiny
Degeneration most often involves calcium and appears gritty or chalky

Question 7

Define descemetocele.

Answer 7

Stromal ulcer reaches the depth of Descemet’s membrane
Corneal epithelium and stroma are lost

Question 8

Define deep corneal neovascularization.

Answer 8

This vessel pattern occurs in response to deep disease processes

Question 9

Define facet.

Answer 9

Loss of corneal stroma with intact overlying epithelium
Occurs because epithelialization progresses more rapidly than stromal healing

Question 10

What is the most common cause of corneal ulceration in cats?

Answer 10

Herpesvirus

Question 11

Define keratitis.

Answer 11

Inflammation of the cornea

Question 12

Define keratic precipitates.

Answer 12

Cellular adhesions to the endothelium and are pathognomic for uveitis
Tiny dots from the mid-portion of the cornea that become larger and denser in the ventral cornea

Question 13

Define limbus.

Answer 13

360 degree junction between the cornea and the sclera/conjunctiva

Question 14

Define superficial ulcer.

Answer 14

Loss of epithelium only

Question 15

Define superficial corneal neovascularization.

Answer 15

This vessel pattern occurs in response to superficial disease processes

Question 16

Corneal vessels only appear with?

Answer 16

Keratitis

Question 17

What are the four factors that keep the cornea clear?

Answer 17

Avascular
Non-myelinated nerves
Dehydrated
Ordered cell arrangement

Question 18

What pathologies are most likely to cause focal edema?

Answer 18

Superficial ulcers
Anterior lens luxations
Endothelial dystrophy (early)

Question 19

What pathologies are most likely to cause diffuse edema?

Answer 19

Glaucoma
Stromal ulcers
Uveitis
Endothelial degeneration
Endothelial dystrophy (advanced)

Question 20

What can occur with bullous keratopathy?

Answer 20

Spontaneous corneal ulceration

Question 21

With dorsal superficial neovasculartization, what should you think of?

Answer 21

KCS

Question 22

What are the most common causes of deep neovascularization?

Answer 22

Uveitis
Deep corneal ulceration

Question 23

What are the three variations of corneal opacities?

Answer 23

White with yellow or green hue - white blood cell infiltration
White with gray or wispy features - fibrosis
Crystalline or chalky white - mineral or lipid, dystrophy or degeneration

Question 24

What is a sign of stromal healing?

Answer 24

Fibrosis

Question 25

What are the two common causes of epithelial pigment?

Answer 25

KCS Pigmentary keratitis Ocular surface irritation Treat with cyclosporine or tacrolimus

Question 26

What causes endothelial pigment?

Answer 26

Uveal cysts or tissue endothelial adhesion Less common

Question 27

Where would you see keratic precipitates? What are they pathognomotic for?

Answer 27

Ventral Uveitis

Question 28

When would you expect a simple ulcer to heal?

Answer 28

5-7 days

Question 29

What is the most common type of superficial ulcer?

Answer 29

Indolent Ulcer - boxers

Question 30

What must you do for the treatment of indolent ulcers?

Answer 30

Debridement

Question 31

How long should you wait minimum before debriding an indolent ulcer again?

Answer 31

At least 14 days

Question 32

Stromal corneal ulcerations are

Answer 32

Emergencies

Question 33

What are the most common bacteria for a stromal corneal ulcer?

Answer 33

Staph Strep Pseudomonas

Question 34

What is the most common cause of a melting ulcer?

Answer 34

Pseudomonas

Question 35

What are the identifying features of stromal corneal ulceration?

Answer 35

Inappropriate level of reflex uveitis Severe corneal edema White blood cell infiltration Deep corneal vessels and episcleral injection Visible stromal loss or disruption Malacia

Question 36

What breeds are predisposed to Pannus?

Answer 36

German shepherds Greyhounds

Question 37

What is the recommendation for Pannus?

Answer 37

Goggles for UV protection Cyclosporine