Correlates Of Criminal Behaviour Flashcards

Question

Issues of “______” are at the centre of girl violence What is found in these studies?

Answer 1

Power Locates *girl aggression* in society characterized by **sexism, abuse and inequality** Many violent girls have **psychosocial problems:** **dysfunctional families, internalization of sexist gender roles; lack of anger management skills**

Answer 2

**Data is limited** because Canadian police do not consistently *report information on the race of those involved in crime*

Answer 3

There is **difficulties in police identifying race** *Potential for statistics* to be used to **justify racist theories of crime and discriminatory treatment of minorities**

Answer 4

To **verify accuracy of claims of differential treatment** *Data could be used* to **test theories about the relationship**

Answer 5

Data that does exist, suggests that **some minority groups** are **overrepresented in police-reported crime statistics** This seems to be present in **all Western societies**

Answer 6

**Black Canadians overrepresented in GTA** (greater Toronto area) **Indigenous Canadians overrepresented in Western provinces**

Answer 7

Gang Prejudicial

Answer 8

1. Experience the **use of force by prison staff** 2. Receive **more charges while in prison** 3. Be **denied parole despite lower recidivism rates**

Answer 9

Yes Many Black Canadians report *experiencing directly or knowing someone who was racially profiled by the police* Toronto survey in 2005 found that Black high school students who were *not involved in any deviant activity* were **4-times more likely to be stopped and 6-times more likely to searched than their White colleagues**

Answer 10

He said: “Any police officer that has done racial profiling — that is illegal” He admitted “yes” that racial profiling has happened… But that happened under HIS POWER **he should of stopped it** = hypocritical

Answer 11

**Indigenous, Black and West Asian youth**

Answer 12

Reinforced by **experience with discrimination** Injustices **generate extreme negative emotions** (e.g., anger, depression) = contributing **directly to criminal involvement** Ex. Being watched while shopping; seeing many in their community go to jail; exposure to media stereotyping

Answer 13

Indigenous society *colonized by Euro-Canadians*, which has had… = **devastating psychological and social consequences** Institutional arrangement of Canadian society has resulted in **alienation** and this alienation is manifested through… = **high rates of violence within Indigenous communities**

Answer 14

**Acculturation produces…** = *“learned helplessness”* (fatalism) = *self-blame, passivity, hostile behaviours & low self -esteem* = manifests itself in *drug use, suicide, violence, criminal behaviour* **Trauma transmitted…** = *biologically* = *through storytelling* = directly through *experiencing violence* = *psychologically through painful memories & debilitating social conditions*

Answer 15

**Indigenous people** are *overrepresented in the CJS *because of their *exclusion from mainstream society and because of over-policing & harsher sentences* **CJS reflects** *dominant group’s norms and values and favours that group* Ex. more severe punishment for crack versus cocaine resulted in Black Americans being criminalized

Answer 16

Police often give **closer attention to certain social groups** (Ex. young, lower-class males) *Minority group members* **disproportionately represented in group** Police **surveillance higher in communities marked by high levels of unemployment, poverty and social disorder** = *minority group members disproportionately represented these communities*

Answer 17

Focuses on **racial inequalities** in the *distribution of social goods, in the economy, within the state, and within civil society* **Criticizes liberal notions** of *objectivity, meritocracy, neutrality, and colour-blindness* Rooted in the work of **W.E.B. Du Bois** (1868-1963) **Emerged in the 1970s** in the US when *anti-racist lawyers started questioning the legal system and the way it treated black defendants and inmates*

Answer 18

Argued that social problems within the *African American community* in the US were… = **owing to ‘pathological’ matriarchy** Higher percentage of **black wives out-earned their husbands compared to white wives** Argued that this *undercut the role of the father in black families*… = led to **domestic violence, substance abuse, crime and degeneracy families** *Matriarch* is: = the ABSENCE of a FATHER = system/society RULED BY A WOMEN = **domineering, unfeminine, and emasculating**

Answer 19

Argued that *female-headed African-American families* = **were outcome** RATHER THAN… = **cause of racial oppression and poverty**

Answer 20

Graphed a ‘marriageable Black male index’ Found that **fewer than 50 marriageable black men (employed, that unincarcerated black men) per 100 black women**: “if black women didn’t work to provide for family, who would?”

Answer 21

Argues that *ideal North American Family* (father working outside the home; mother working in the home) WAS AN: = **upper-class arrangement-never applied to families of colour** = perhaps owing to **slavery** when *families were broken apart* (‘family’ expanded from being based on bloodlines to being based on racial lines) This *broader notion of family* contributes to the practice of many *African American parents* relying on **extrafamilial community members to raise their children**

Answer 22

Left; rid “Once you get rid of the racists within the justice system, for example, you will still have **racism perpetrated by the justice system**. This is because the justice system follows *certain rules, procedures, guidelines, precedents, and laws* that are **inherently discriminatory and racist** because those *laws, policies, procedures, processes, and beliefs*…come from a **history of the common law**”

Answer 23

Historically, **lower classes** have been seen as **responsible for crime** Referred to as **“dangerous class,” “criminal class” or “underclass”** ‘underclass’: *explicit socio-economic correlations*: = they are people at the margins of society: the unemployed, people in poverty, little education, dependency, etc

Answer 24

Complex People with *low SES* are **overrepresented in police- reported statistics** = to some extent this is because the crimes of the *“middle and upper crime class systematically escaped official notice”* (Gaylord and Galliher, 1988, 68)

Answer 25

Class-and-crime Different classes involved in different crimes because they have **different opportunities to commit crimes**

Answer 26

1. The link between **SES & crime is indirect** = *mediating variables* (e.g., neighbourhood, family conditions) 2. **Low-SES promotes delinquency** = because of *alienation, financial strain & aggression* 3. **High-SES promotes delinquency** = by reducing adherence to *conventional values* while increasing *social power and risk-taking behaviours*

Answer 27

Neighbourhoods with **higher rate of homicide**: = *higher* levels of *unemployment* = *higher* levels of *poverty* = *lower* levels of *education* Indigenous Canadians living in cities *more likely* to **live in higher-crime neighbourhoods**

Answer 28

Based on **Chicago neighbourhood studies** Crime found to be **higher in communities** with increased **structural disadvantage and lower collective efficacy** Collective efficacy: - **social cohesion among neighbours** combined with their *willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good* Low collective efficacy: - **high mobility; immigration concentration; concentrated disadvantage**

Answer 29

He explores the *hidden factors that contribute to success*, such as **timing, opportunities, cultural background, and the 10,000-hour rule** Gladwell argues that *success is not solely about individual talent and hard work* BUT… Is also shaped by **external circumstances and the support one receives**. The **book challenges the idea of the "self-made" individual**

Answer 30

The Reader's Digest wallet experiment *dropped wallets with money and ID* in different locations to **test honesty** The results showed that most people (about 80%) returned the wallets, even with money inside, demonstrating that… = **most individuals act honestly when given the opportunity**

Answer 31

Use of **illicit drugs strongly correlates with street crime** **75%** of inmates enter custody with *substance abuse issues; addictions* **50%** of federal *inmates struggle with substance* Over **40%** of crimes committed by offenders admitted to Canadian federal institutions (excluding impaired driving or violations of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) = are *associated with substance use (2021)*

Answer 32

1. Efforts to **support an addiction** can **lead to involvement in crimes** (“economically compulsive”) 2. Individuals may **commit crimes** because they are under the **influence of drugs or alcohol** (“psychopharmacological”) 3. The *mere possession* of **illegal drugs in and of itself is a crime**

Correlates Of Criminal Behaviour Flashcards

(58 cards)