CORSO

Question 1

What two functional groups form a peptide bond?

Answer 1

the amine (or ammonium) group of an amino acid

the carboxylic acid (or carboxylate) group of an amino acid

Question 2

What conformation of hemoglobin binds oxygen?

Answer 2

R

Question 3

What is cooperativity?

Answer 3

for proteins with multiple subunits, the subunits need to be in the same conformation as the ones next to them

Question 4

BPG stabilizes which form of hemoglobin

Answer 4

the deoxygenated state

Question 5

As the concentration of BPG increases what happens to hemoglobin?

Answer 5

hemoglobin releases oxygen

Question 6

How many nitrogens on the heme coordinate with the central ion?

Answer 6

4

Question 7

How many heme groups are in myoglobin?

Answer 7

one

Question 8

Between the hemoglobin in the red blood cells, passing through the capillaries going through the tissue and the myoglobin in the cells of the tissue, which one has a higher oxygen affinity?

Answer 8

myoglobin

Question 9

which has a higher oxygen affinity hemoglobin or myoglobin?

Answer 9

myoglobin

Question 10

myoglobin has a
a. binds oxygen cooperatively
b. a linear hill plot

Answer 10

b. a linear hill plot

Question 11

hemoglobin ______
a. binds oxygen cooperatively
b. has a linear hill plot

Answer 11

a. binds oxygen cooperatively

Question 12

when oxygen binds to a heme-containing protein, the two open coordination bonds of Fe2+ are occupied by?

Answer 12

one O2 molecule and one amino acid nitrogen

Question 13

in hemoglobin, the transition from T state to R state (low to high affinity) is triggered by:

Answer 13

oxygen binding

Question 14

The interactions of ligands with proteins

Answer 14

are usually transient

Question 15

what happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin at low oxygen pressure?

Answer 15

it decreases

Question 16

What is the charge on BPG?

Answer 16

-5

Question 17

What happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin if BPG is low?

Answer 17

it increases

Question 18

what happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin in lung capillaries?

Answer 18

it goes up

Question 19

what happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin in tissue capillaries

Answer 19

it goes down

Question 20

what happens to oxygen binding if a patient is acidotic?

Answer 20

it goes down

Question 21

what happens to oxygen binding if a patient is alkalotic?

Answer 21

it goes up

Question 22

why does a fetus have hemoglobin F, rather than hemoglobin A?

Answer 22

F will pull oxygen out of the mother’s blood

Question 23

What changes occur in the solubility of hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia?

Answer 23

the hemoglobin S precipitates inside the cell

Question 24

Which hemoglobin elevates the most for a patient with homozygous sickle cell disease?

Answer 24

HbF

Question 25

A patient is diagnosed with acute intermittent porphyria. This defect would cause _____

Answer 25

decreased production of hemoglobin

Question 26

The amino acid substitution of Val for Glu in hemoglobin S results in aggregation of the protein because of ________ interactions between molecules?

Answer 26

hydrophobic

Question 27

methemoglobin causes a decrease in oxygen binding due to:

Answer 27

the heme iron oxidizing from Fe2+ to Fe3+

Question 28

Malaria resistance is associated with

Answer 28

a shorter half-life of RBC

Question 29

carbon monoxide is toxic because it

Answer 29

binds to the Fe2+ more tightly than oxygen

Question 30

which enzyme in the PPP is dependent on thiamine?

Answer 30

transketolase

Question 31

what is glutathione needed for?

Answer 31

it is an antioxidant needed to neutralize peroxide

Question 32

a defect of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase causes?

Answer 32

hemolytic anemia

Question 33

in G6PDD, which reducing equivalent is missing?

Answer 33

NADPH

Question 34

which enzyme requires NADPH as a reducing agent

Answer 34

glutathione reductase

Question 35

A patient who has G6PDD should take ________

Answer 35

antioxidant vitamins

Question 36

A patient with G6PDD should not take ______ because it increases symptoms

Answer 36

aspirin

Question 37

function of folate

Answer 37

one-carbon transfers

Question 38

the biologically functional form of folate is _________

Answer 38

tetrahydrofolate

Question 39

Action of methotrexate

Answer 39

dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor

Question 40

action of 5-fluorouracil

Answer 40

thymidylate synthase inhibitor

Question 41

action of caffeine

Answer 41

phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Question 42

The conversion of homocysteine to methionine requires what 2 vitamins?

Answer 42

folate B12

Question 43

which has a phosphate? a. nucleoside b. nucleotide

Answer 43

b. nucleotide

Question 44

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 44

DNA has a T with an extra methyl group RNA has a U without the methyl group DNA is missing an oxygen on carbon 2 RNA has an oxygen on carbon 2

Question 45

A pairs with

Answer 45

T

Question 46

C pairs with

Answer 46

G

Question 47

what is the secondary structure of DNA?

Answer 47

double helix

Question 48

What does BPG do?

Answer 48

stabilizes the T-state and causes Hb to let go of O2 (decreases Hbs affinity for O2)

Question 49

What is hydroxyurea?

Answer 49

drug to treat sickle cell disease increases the level of HbF

Question 50

What structural feature of hemoglobin makes it cooperative?

Answer 50

it is a tetramere

Question 51

What is the most common cause of hemolytic anemia?

Answer 51

G6PD deficiency

Question 52

What is used to get rid of peroxide?

Answer 52

glutathione reductase

Question 53

Primaquine (anti-malaria drug) should not be given to which patients?

Answer 53

patients with a G6PD deficiency causes oxidative stress

Question 54

Which amino acid is the source of the carbon when FH4 becomes N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate

Answer 54

Serine (S)

Question 55

What increases the rate of a deamination reaction

Answer 55

nitrosamine

Question 56

what is depurination?

Answer 56

loss of a base

Question 57

what causes thymine dimers?

Answer 57

UV-radiation

Question 58

what causes an alkylation?

Answer 58

nitrogen mustards

Question 59

what medical conditions are associated with a folate deficiency?

Answer 59

megaloblastic anemia spina bifida

Question 60

methotrexate blocks the recycling of ______

Answer 60

folate

Question 61

5-FU blocks the methylation of ___ to ___

Answer 61

U to T

Question 62

hyperhomocysteinemia can be caused by either ______ or ______ deficiency

Answer 62

folate or B12

Question 63

what vitamin is used for methylation of homocysteine and eventual creation of SAM

Answer 63

B12

Question 64

_____ is a methyl donor

Answer 64

SAM

Question 65

a deficiency in which vitamin decreases the production of SAM

Answer 65

B12