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PTRS 852 - Neuro PT 1 Final > Cortex > Flashcards

Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the layers of the cerebral cortex

A

1-2 = input

3-4 = input from thalamus

5 = major output (corticopsinal)

6 = local output

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2
Q

Structure: to/from cortex and subcortical structures and spinal cord

A

Projecton Fibers (Subcortical white matter)

Tracts/pathways we’ve been learning

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3
Q

Structure: Connect homologous areas of R and L hemisphere

A

Commissural fibers (Subcortical white matter)

ex. corpus callosum

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4
Q

Structure: connect cortical regions within one hemisphere

A

Association fibers (Subcortical white matter)

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5
Q

List the 3 types of subcortical white matter

A
  1. projection fibers
  2. commissural fibers
  3. association fibers
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6
Q

Area: receive sensory info directly from thalamus, each discriminates among different intensities and qualities of one type of input

A

Primary Sensory Areas

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7
Q

Function: Primary somatosensory, 312

A

Discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects

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8
Q

Function: Primary auditory, 41

A

Conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds

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9
Q

Function: Primary Visual, 17

A

Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects

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10
Q

Function: Primary vestibular, 40

A

Discriminates among head positions and head movements

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11
Q

Function: Secondary somatosensory, 5,7

A

Stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment

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12
Q

Function: Secondary visual, 18-21

A

Analysis of motion, color; control of visual fixation

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13
Q

Function: Secondary auditory, 22, 42

A

Classification of sounds

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14
Q

List some specifc complex behaviors controlled by the association cortices

A

integration and interpretation of sensation

processing of memory

emotions

personality

executive functions

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15
Q

Association Cortex: exectuive function, self awareness, avoids socially inappropriate behavior

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal association, 8, 9, 46

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16
Q

Association Cortex: Sensory integration, understanding language and spatial relationships

A

Parietotemporal association, 39, 49, part of 7, 19, 21, 22, 37

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17
Q

Association Cortex: Impulse controle, personality

A

Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association

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18
Q

Association Cortex: Regulates mood and affect

A

Ventral prefrontal association, 11, 44, 45, 47

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19
Q

Association Cortex: Regulates emotion and reaction to emotion

A

Medial dorsal prefrontal association, 8, 9, 10

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20
Q

List the 2 main functions of the Association Cortices

A

Organizing complex behavior

Executive function or goal-oriented behavior

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21
Q

List some specific executive functions controlled by the association cortices

A

deciding on a goal

planning how to acocmplish the goal

executing a plan

monitorying the execution of the plan

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22
Q

Motor area: motor programming of speech, usually L hemisphere only

A

Broac’s area, 44, part of 45

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23
Q

Motor area: planning nonverbal communication, emotional gestures, tone of voice, usually in the R hemisphere

A

Area analogous to Broca’s in the opposite hemisphere

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24
Q

Broadmann’s area: M1, primary motor area

25
Broadmann's area: Premotor area
6
26
Describe the function of the L and R Wernicke's area
L: comprehension of spoken language R: interpreting nonverbal signals, comprehension of spatial relationships
27
Term: Mental representation of how the body is anatomically arranged
Body schemia or image
28
Describe the function of the L and R Broca's area
L: instruction for language output, plan movements to produce speech R: intrustion for producing nonverbal communication, emotional guestures and tone of voice
29
Broadmann's area: Wernicke's area
22
30
Cortical Damage: loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception
Primary somatosensory cortex
31
Cortical Damage: Loss of localization of sounds
Primary auditory cortex
32
Cortical Damage: Homonymous hemianopsia
Primary visual cortex
33
Cortical Damage: change in awareness of head position and movement
Primary vestibular
34
Term: inability to recognize objects useing a specific snese, even though discriminatvie ability remains intact
Agnosia (umbrella term)
35
Term: inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation
Astereognosis
36
Term: inability to visually recognize objects desptie having intact vision
visual agnosia
37
Term: inability to identify people's faces
Prosopagnosia Can still identify individuals by voice or mannerism
38
Term: unable to distinguis language vs. other sounds
L auditory agnosia
39
Term: interference when interpreting environmental sounds
R auditory adnosia
40
Term: inability to perform a movement or sequence of movement depsite intact sensation, motor output, and cognition
Apraxia
41
Term: Impairments with speaking and writing
Broca's aphasia
42
Term: Speech disorder due to paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of mm used for speaking
Dysarthria
43
Cortical Damage: loss of executive function, initiative, apathy, or divergent thinking
Dorsolateral prefrontal association
44
Cortical Damage: difficult with sensory integration, Wernicke's aphasia (L) or neglect/difficulty understanding non-verbal communication (R)
Parietotemporal association
45
Cortical Damage: impaired emotional responses, difficult with self control, impulsive
Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association
46
Term: disorders of spoken language
Aphasia
47
Term: Disorder of comprehension of written language
Alexia
48
Term: disorder of ability to write
Agraphia
49
Type of Aphasia: - Difficulty expressing oneself using language - Able to understand language and control muscles for other purposes - May be able to produce emotional speech when upset - Usually aware of language difficulties - Frustrated - Usually writing impaired also - Reading spared
Broca's aphasia
50
Type of Aphasia: Motor, expressive, non-fluent aphasia
Broca's aphasia
51
Type of Aphasia: - Language comprehension impaired - Easily produce sounds, but output meaningless - Have alexia (inability to read) and unable write meaningful words - Often unaware of disorder
Wernicke's aphasia
52
Type of Aphasia: Receptive, sensory, fluent aphasia
Wernicke's aphasia
53
Type of Aphasia: - Damage to neurons that connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas - In severe forms, speech and writing meaningless - Mild forms, paraphrasia occurs
Conduction aphasia
54
Type of Aphasia: - Inability use language in any form - Cannot produce understandable speech, comprehend spoken language, speak fluently, read, or write - Large lesion lateral L cerebrum
Global aphasia
55
Nonverbal communication disorder: - Speak in monotone (difficulty producing intonations) - Lack emotional facial expressions and gestures - Flat affect
Nondominant Broca's area
56
Nonverbal communication disorder: - difficulty understanding intonations - neglect
Nondominant Wernicke's area
57
Condition: - Tendency to behave as if one side of the body does not exist - Fail to report or respond to stimuli present on contralesional side - Usually affect left side of body
Neglect
58
Stroke: - Hemiparesis/hemiplegia/hemisensory loss affecting R side of body and face - Language/speech disorders - Cautious behavior, hesitant to try new tasks
L Hemisphere MCA Stroke
59
Stroke: - Hemiparesis/hemiplegia/hemisensory loss affecting L side of body and face - Left neglect - Unable comprehend and produce emotional content of speech - Impulsive behavior, unaware of deficits
R Hemisphere MCA Stroke

PTRS 852 - Neuro PT 1 Final (13 decks)

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