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Neuro Final > Corticobulbospinal Tracts & Basal Ganglia Motor Systems I > Flashcards

Corticobulbospinal Tracts & Basal Ganglia Motor Systems I Flashcards

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1
Q

GSE

A

somatic motor system-descending tractvoluntary control of skeletal m.

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2
Q

GVE

A

visceral motor system-autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

motor system

A

motivation - frontal lobesmotor plan - premotor cortexaction - primary motor cortex

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4
Q

motivation

A

coming up with idea for motor plan-need input:-sensory stimuli (parietal motor area)-emotions/memory (limbic)

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5
Q

motor plan

A

module or blueprint for movement-what muscles, what order, what timing

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6
Q

premotor cortex

A

brodmans areas 6 and 8 lateral

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7
Q

supplementary cortex

A

brodmans areas 6 and 8 medial

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8
Q

action

A

UMN - from primary motor cortex and brainstem nuclei

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9
Q

UMN

A

influence LMNs-spinal cord and cranial nerveall UMNs converge on LMNs to produce movement

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10
Q

final common pathway

A

LMNs

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11
Q

alpha-lower motor neurons

A

ventral horn and cranial nerve motor nucleisynapse on skeletal m.always excitatoryrelease AChtarget ipsilaterallarge cells

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12
Q

gamma-lower motor neurons

A

muscle spindle

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13
Q

baseline activity

A

allows for fine adjustment-in alpha LMNssets muscle tone

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14
Q

inputs to LMNs

A

local reflex arclocal pattern generatorsUMN input

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15
Q

motor unit

A

all muscle fibers innervated by single LMN-size related to function-fine control vs. power

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16
Q

small motor unit

A

less fibers innervated-fine control

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17
Q

large motor unit

A

1000 fibers/neuron - power control

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18
Q

each muscle fiber

A

only innervated by 1 LMN

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19
Q

individual muscle

A

have motor units of various sizes-although certain sizes may predominate

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20
Q

action potential

A

all or none

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21
Q

regulation of muscle contraction strength?

A

AP frequencyrecruitment of motor units

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22
Q

size principle

A

recruit small > large motor unitssmall first**

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23
Q

UMN

A

influence LMNs-directly-or indirectly-excitatory or inhibitory-never synapse on muscle**-cell bodies in cerebral cortex and brainstem nuclei

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24
Q

8 different UMN pathways

A

2 from primary cortex6 from brainstem

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25
lateral motor system
distal limb movement-precise movement
26
medial motor system
proximal limb movement-postural movement
27
lateral vs. medial
lateral - lateral funiculusmedial - anterior funiculus
28
influence on UMNs?
basal nucleiassociation cortexcerebellum
29
corticobulbar tract
cortex to brainstem
30
non-cortical UMN systems
reflex - postural movements-in brainstem-input from cortex influences these systems (gain voluntary control)
31
cortical UMN systems
distal limb movements-fine movement
32
cortical UMN pathways
lateral corticospinal-cortex to spinal cord b/lcorticobulbar tract
33
corticospinal tract lateral
largest tract of humanscontralateral projectionfine, fractionated movement
34
course of UMN on corticospinal tract
internal capsulecerebral peduncles (midbrain)longitudinal fibers of pons (pons)pyramids (medulla)pyramidal decussationlateral corticospinal tract
35
brodmans area 4
primary motor cortexprecentral gyrus
36
voluntary motor movement
posterior limb of internal capsulefacial expression - genuupper limb - anteriorlower limb - posterior
37
premotor cortex
lateral brodmans area 6 and 8-motor planning-active at START of movement
38
supplementary cortex
medial brodmans areas 6 and 8interconnected with contralateral side-bimanual movementsactive right before movement takes place
39
corticobulbar tract
terminates in brainsteminfluence cranial LMNsalso to UMN nuclei-voluntary control of proximal muscles
40
cranial nerve motor nuclei
most receive input from both right and left cortex
41
corticobulbar influence on brainstem UMNs
vestibular nucleireticular nucleired nucleusgive rise to medial motor systems-proximal limb
42
LMN damage signs
hypo to areflexishypo to atoniaparalysis/paresis - flaccidrapid, severe atrophy
43
partial paralysis
NOactually a paresis
44
neurogenic atrophy
due to loss of LMN
45
spontaneous EMG changes
with LMN damage
46
fasciculations
can see visually twitching
47
fibrillations
with EMG
48
UMN damage signs
normal - hyperreflexiahypertoniapathological reflexia (babinski)spastic paralysisdisuse atrophy (slower)few EMG changes
49
babinski
is a pathological reflex-stroking of foot-UMN damage - toes flare is abnormal-curling normal
50
hyperreflexia with UMN damage?
1. loss of normal inhibitory background2. sprouting of local afferents - increased input from the initial primary afferent imput3. receptors to membrane
51
denervation hypersensitivity
increased expression of receptors on surface of LMNs and interneurons
52
partial paralysis
NOparesis
53
plegia
stroke
54
hemi
half
55
para
pair of limbs
56
quadra
four limbs
57
stroke lesions
affects many different systems
58
damage to corticospinal systems
levels below lesionLMN signs at lesion levelUMN signs inferior to lesion
59
lesion above decussation
contralateral signs
60
lesion below decussation
ipsilateral signs
61
extrapyramidal system
non-contrical UMN system
62
non-cortical UMN systems
proximal limb-reflex posture-also voluntary control - corticobulbar tract
63
medial vestibulospinal tract
descending medial longitudinal fasciculus
64
anterior corticospinal tract
technically a cortical UMN tract-but, its bilaterally, neck muscles, posture function
65
rubrospinal tract
lateral motor system-begins in brainstem
66
rubrospinal tract
cell bodies in red nucleus-axons decussate in midbrain-descend contralaterally in lateral funiculus-to cervical cord only**distal muscles of arm-arm/forearm flexorsvery small in humans
67
vestibulospinal tracts
medial and lateral tracts
68
medial vestibulospinal tract
aka descend MLFcell bodies in medial/inferior vestibular nucleus-axons descend bilaterally through cervical and upper thoracic**neck muscles, head posture
69
lateral vestibulospinal tract
cell bodies in lateral vestibular nucleus-axons descend ipsilateral** antigravity musclesentire cord to trunk posture*** damage - ipsilateral deficits
70
medial longitudinal fasciculus
ascendingcell bodies in medial.inferior vestibular nucleus**ascends to innervate III, IV, VI-extraocular muscles of eye**bilateral
71
reticulospinal tract
medial and lateralcell bodies - reticular formationback up when corticospinal fibers are damaged (theory)
72
pontine reticulospinal tract
medial**ipsilateral
73
medullar reticulospinal tract
lateral**bilateral
74
tectospinal tract
superior colliculus - cell bodies-axons decussate in midbrain-descend contralateralend in cervical levels**neck, postural muscles**visual grasp reflex

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