Cosmological argument

Question 1

4 limitations of a posterior knowledge

Answer 1

:Reliability of sensory experience
:subjectivity and bias
:reliance on empirical evidence
:limitations in verification

Question 2

What’s a premise

Answer 2

A proposition that helps to support a conclusion

Question 3

Where does aquinas’ cosmological argument appear

Answer 3

First three of his three ways for proving the existence of god in summa theologica

Question 4

What’s way 1 of aquinas 5 ways

Answer 4

Motion and change

Question 5

What’s way 2 of aquinas 5 ways

Answer 5

Causation

Question 6

Whats way 3 if aquinas 5 ways

Answer 6

Contingency and necessity

Question 7

What did aquinas observe to reach his argument

Answer 7

The cosmos

Question 8

What is the cosmological argument

Answer 8

That everything we observe is contingent because they all rely on something else to exist because they are moved ,changed and caused therefore there must be is something that has necessary existence for evrything else to exist

Question 9

What’s premise one of the argument of contingency and necessity

Answer 9

P1 Everything can exist or not-exist: that is, everything in the natural world is contingent.

Question 10

What’s premise 2 of the argument of contingency and necessity

Answer 10

P2 If everything is contingent, then at some time there was nothing, because there must have
been a time when nothing had begun to exist.

Question 11

What’s premise 3 of the argument of contingency and necessity

Answer 11

P3 If there was once nothing, then nothing could have come from nothing.

Question 12

What’s conclusion 1 of the argument of contingency and necessity

Answer 12

C1 Therefore, something must exist necessarily, otherwise nothing would now exist, which is
obviously false.

Question 13

What’s premise 4 of the argument of contingency and necessity

Answer 13

P4 Everything necessary must either be caused or uncaused.

Question 14

What’s premise 5 of the argument of contingency and necessity

Answer 14

P5 But the series of necessary beings cannot be infinite, or there would be no explanation of that
series.

Question 15

What’s conclusion 2 of the argument of contingency and necessity

Answer 15

C2 Therefore, there must be some uncaused being which exists of its own necessity.

Question 16

What’s conclusion 3 of the argument of contingency and necessity

Answer 16

C3 And by this, we all understand God.

Question 17

When was Bertrand russel alive

Answer 17

1872-1970

Question 18

What’s a fallacy

Answer 18

A failure in reasoning which makes an argument invalid

Question 19

What’s the fallacy of composition

Answer 19

fallacy
of inferring that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of part of the whole,
or of every part of the whole.

Question 20

What’s an example of the fallacy of composition

Answer 20

I. Hydrogen is not wet; oxygen is not wet.
II. Therefore water (H20) is not wet.

Question 21

At what ‘way’ does Russell aim his criticism at

Answer 21

Way 2 the argument from causation

Question 22

Does fallacy of composition apply to every argument

Answer 22

No , for example if you say the walls are build of bricks so the wall is brick . This is taking a part and making it a whole but it’s valid .

Question 23

What is Russell’s criticism

Answer 23

That way 2 commits a fallacy of composition

Question 24

Who says way 3 is not fallacious

Answer 24

Bruce Reichenbach suggests that Way 3 resembles the brick argument so it’s not committing fallacy of composition.

Question 25

Why is way 3 not a fallacy of composition

Answer 25

What can cease to exist requires an explanation beyond itself. An uncaused necessary being, beyond the universe, is a good explanation for the existence of the contingent universe

Question 26

What does Bertrand Russel say about how the universe is made

Answer 26

He said that there is not explanation for the making of universe. The universe is a brute fact . This follows Buddhism as the Buddha says that it’s an unanswerable quistion.

Question 27

what's humes' first criticism

Answer 27

we cant tell if god exists through logic only sensory experience

Question 28

whats humes' second criticism

Answer 28

conforms with the occams razor so that its simpler to say that matter existed first rather than matter and the mind.

Question 29

what's aquinas' response to hume's criticisms

Answer 29

he claims that god is metaphysical necessary

Question 30

what does metaphysical mean

Answer 30

something that's essentially true

Question 31

what's the weaknesses of the cosmological argument

Answer 31

-way 3 commits fallacy of composition -Hume and Russel: Hume and Russell: We cannot show that the existence of any being is logically necessary. -Hume: The universe itself may be the necessary being. -Russel says the universe is a brute fact

Question 32

what's the counter arguments of the cosmological argument

Answer 32

-not all arguments are fallacious such as the brick and brick argument -way 3 is not talking about gods logical necessity but his metaphysical necessity -The case for necessarily existing matter is no stronger than the case for a necessarily existing mind. -science works on the principle that there are no brute facts.

Question 33

what is occams razor

Answer 33

the idea that the simplest thing is true

Question 34

what's a weakness about way 3

Answer 34

the assumption that there is only one god rather than multiple gods

Question 35

what type of argument is way 3

Answer 35

an inductive argument

Question 36

what did hughe's say about inductive proof

Answer 36

he said that it can be true if we have overwhelming proof

Question 37

what did hughes use is his example for his argument

Answer 37

he says that quarks cant be seen but we have enough proof to KNOW THEY EXIST

Question 38

why does hughe's example add to trying to prove gods example

Answer 38

because god is also unobservable and we have overwhelming proof

Question 39

why is Hughes satisfactory with Aristotle's argument

Answer 39

because he thinks that he provides enough proof of a necessary being.

Question 40

what example does Hughes use

Answer 40

the existence of quarks, because we know that they exist through sensory experience but we have overwhelming evidence that they exist.

Question 41

whats the four components that Hughes breaks the cosmological argument down to

Answer 41

§ Nothing happens without some causal explanation. § A satisfactory explanation cannot appeal to something which just happened and was not caused. For example, a satisfactory explanation cannot appeal to brute facts. § The existence of the universe requires an explanation outside itself. § It is reasonable to think of this transcendent explanation as God.