Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Geography Paper 1 > Costal Landscapes And Change > Flashcards

Costal Landscapes And Change Flashcards

(75 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A

Area of the coast where rapid change happens. Contains the back-shore, foreshore nearshore and offshore.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Coastal characteristics

A

Waves:
Constructive - low energy, depositional
Destructive - high energy, remove sediment

Processes:
LSD - depositional, due to wind and tides
River and current causes sediment depositing
Sediment from erosion can build up due to mass movement/weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are examples of erosional landforms?

A

Erosional landforms are caused by high energy

Cliffs, wave-cut platforms, arches, sea caves, stacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are examples of depositional landforms?

A

Depositions landforms are caused by low energy

Beaches, spits, bars, sand dunes, mudflats and salt marches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Low energy and high energy coast

A

Low energy - sheltered, lowland, coastal plains

Heigh energy - exposed, highland and lowland, rocky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is meant by strata?

A

The layers of rock that make up the geology of the coast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is meant by deformation and faulting?

A

Deformation - Is the result of rocks being deformed by tectonic activity
Faulting - fractures in rocks causing them to move from original positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a concordat coastline?

A

Parallel strata, long sediment ridges parallel to the coast, lagoons are created between the strata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a Discordant coastline?

A

Strata perpendicular to the coastline, alternating hard rock and soft rock cause the formation of headlands and bays. Due to greater wave energy, headlands are eroded quicker to their corresponding bay.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Strong, pretty resistant to erosion and weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Pretty resistant, van have faults and fracture more easily(slate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Lots of layers make it prone to erosion, more strata make erosion faster(shale)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Unconsolidated rock

A

Easily eroded, not held together strongly(clay, sand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can make rock/coastal geology prone to erosion

A

Unconsolidated/weakly consolidated strata which make the rock permeable,so will be prone to erosion as water permeates the strata and weakens it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can vegetation protect coastlines?

A

Unconsolidated sediment is bonded together by plant roots
Reduce wind speeds
Plant leaves decompose and create soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Three formations due to coastal vegetation:

A

Sand dunes
Salt marches
Mangroves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a Halophyte?

A

Plants which can tolerate salt water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a xerophyte?

A

Plants which can tolerate very dry conditions (allows them to grow on beaches, forming sand dunes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain plant succession on dunes?

A

Embryo dunes form with ‘pioneer’ species which create conditions for new plants to grow which makes them foredunes, and a new embryo dune will appear.
Yellow dunes and grey dunes are behind these new dunes with marram grass and gorse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain the process of salt marsh succession:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In what conditions does most coastal erosion occur?

A

When:
Waves are largest
Waves are at 90* to the cliff
High tide
Heavy rainfall (percolation of strata and surface runoff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define hydraulic action:

A

Air trapped in the cliff/rock forces cracks to open as waves hit. As cracks get bigger, so does the impact each wave has.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define abrasion:

A

Loose sediment is hit against cliffs by waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define attrition:

A

Lose sediment hits against other sediment and becomes smaller and more rounded over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define Corrosion:
Rain or seawater dissolves carbonate rocks
26
Describe wave cut notch:
Destructive waves erode base of cliff by abrasion and hydraulic action
27
Describe wave-cut platform:
After wave cut notch, the overhang collapses(mass movement) and the rock left at the base of where the cliff was is now a wave cut platform
28
Cave, arch, stack, stump - process
Cave is formed where section of soft rock is eroded quicker Cave cuts through the other side of the cliff and an arch is formed The center/roof of the cave collapses or erodes over time and a stack is formed, which erodes into a cliff.
29
Sediment transport - define traction
Sediment rolled along shoreline by waves/currents
30
Sediment transport- define Saltation
Sediment bounced along the shoreline
31
Sediment transport- define Suspension
Sediment carried in water
32
Sediment transport- define Solution
Material dissolved in the water
33
Define LSD
Waves meet the shore at an angle and moves sediment along the shoreline (effected by currents, tide and wind)
34
Depositional landforms - define spit
Long strip of sand or shingle protruding into the sea Due to LSD depositing sediment in its direction regardless of moving coastline
35
Depositional landforms - define bay beaches
A beach formed within a bay due to low energy waves(because of protection from the headland)
36
Depositional landforms - define tombolos
When a spit continues forming and eventually connects between an island and the mainland and forms a bridge between
37
Depositional landforms - define barrier beach/bar
Where a lagoon is formed as a spit has continued forming until it connects to the mainland at each end
38
Depositional landforms - define hooked spit
Secondary prevailing wind causes a spit formation to curve inwards towards the land
39
Depositional landforms - define cuspate foreland
Triangular shaped feature extending outwards due to two winds going in opposite directions causing deposition from two directions
40
What is the sediment cell concept?
Positive feedback: where change happens, and this change works to further increase the rate of change Negative feedback:where change happens and works to decrease the rate of change and even reverse it This introduces the theory that a sediment cell is constantly trying to reach dynamic equilibrium. Sediment budget/equilibrium .
41
What are the three types of weathering?
Mechanical: rocks breaking down due to physical force Chemical: involves chemical reaction Biological: action from plants, bacteria or animals
42
Describe two mechanical weathering processes:
Freeze thaw: water in cracks expanding when it freezes(can cause breaking) Salt crystallization: salt crystals forming in cracks exerting pressure on the rock
43
Describe three Chemical weathering processes:
Carbonic acid in rain dissolves rocks Hydrolysis? Oxidation in minerals increases volume and can cause mechanical breakdown
44
Biological weathering processes:
Plant roots: cracking rocks Animal species boring into rock
45
Describe mass movement
Falling of sediment due to gravity
46
Describe the types of mass movement:
Rockfall: blocks of rock breaking off Materials absorb water and become saturated, leads to mudflow Topple: when strata tilt down towards the sea, causes sediment to topple forward
47
Short term sea level change causes:
High tide, low tide Atmosphere pressure can change sea level slightly
48
Long term sea level change causes:
Sea temp change Change in land height/level (isostatic change)
49
Define eustatic change:
Change in sea level (Ice melt and ice freezing, in glacial periods)
50
Define isostatic change
Change in land level (Glacier weight pushes land down, which rebounds when the ice melts)
51
Emergent coastlines
Raised beaches(from isostatic rebound) Fossil cliffs (coastline isolated from the sea and is no longer being eroded)
52
Submergent coastlines
Often as a result of sea level rise(eustatic change) Deep water rivers and fjords (at their bottoms) Dalmatian coasts, the sea has drowned coastal land.
53
Impacts of global warming on coasts
Higher seas and waves, so more erosion. Disappearance of low Luke g ecosystems and landforms Stronger storms (destructive waves, faster erosion)
54
What physical factors affect rates of coastal erosion?
Wave types, destructive. Prevailing Winds cause steeper and stronger waves. Tides, higher leads to greater erosion Submerging coast leads to faster erosion Rock type changes erosion rates Certain strata layout is more vulnerable to erosion
55
What physical factors affect rates of erosion?
Coastal defenses can reduce erosion at one location but starve another of sediment supply Example: groynes reduce LSD Dams lead to less sediment input Dredging reduces sediment supply
56
What subaerial factors affect erosion at coasts?
Weathering: harsher weather, vulnerable rock types Mass movement: rockfalls can expose more vulnerable rock types behind
57
Factors affecting risk of flooding:
Low lying land Subsiding land(isostatic sinking)(eg the Essex coast) Vegetation removal: mangroves and marshes reduce wave power Roots build up sediment
58
How can climate change increase flood risk?
Change in precipitation patterns Increased river discharge, shorter lag times) Ice and permafrost can melt leading to flooding of surrounding areas
59
What is the likely rise of sea level by 2100
28-98cm (Likely 55cm)
60
Adaptation strategies - water conservation and management
Positive: low cost and low impact Negative: hard to maintain and can be costly in some areas
61
Adaptation strategies - resilient agricultural systems
Changing crop cycles and types due to changes in climate Takes a long time and requires demand for the new crop types
62
Adaptation strategies - land use planning
Reduce risk to humans by preventing or managing risky land Building changes can allow for revised risk assessment Require developed community Existing Land use cannot always be changed
63
Adaptation strategies - flood risk management
Identify areas with risk to flooding, adapting the area to better cope Afforestation and wetlands as well as mangrove can be used to reduce risk High cost usually Displacement of people
64
Adaptation strategies- solar radiation management
Involves reducing heat energy for the sun Requires international agreement as well as geoenginering (expensive)
65
Mitigation strategies - renewable energies
Reduces emissions Not always viable for developing countries
66
Mitigation strategies - CCS
Can be used to reduce emissions from large power stations and factories Suitable dumping locations are not always available Expensive technology Reduces profit margins
67
Mitigation strategies - energy efficiency
Doesn’t keep up with increasing use of machine
68
Mitigation strategies - carbon taxation
Encourage low carbon alternatives Expensive alternatives Some may not always want to change as well as increase expenses
69
Mitigation strategies -
Reduces co2 emissions Not all countries may agree
70
Economic consequences due to coastal recession and flooding
Loss of property, UK does not pay compensation for lost homes Falling property prices Difficult to get insurance
71
Social consequences due to coastal recession and flooding
Relocation cost Loss of QOF Health impacts Death, injury
72
Environmental consequences due to coastal recession and flooding
Loss of ecosystems and habitat Landscape change
73
Stats of people displaced due to climate related events
22.5 million 2008-2016
74
What is rip rap?
Boulders Expensive and unattractive Reduces wave energy and increases deposition
75
What is offshore breakwater?
Rocks out to sea to reduce wave energy

Geography Paper 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions