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GI Final > Costanzo Phys > Flashcards

Costanzo Phys Flashcards

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1
Q

functions of gastrin

A

promote hydrogen ion secretion by gastric parietal cells

stimulates growth of gastric mucosa

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2
Q

little gastrin is secreted in response to

A

a meal

normal gastrin

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3
Q

big gastrin is secreted in response to

A

interdigestive periods

responsible for repair and sloughing off old shit in the stomach

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4
Q

gastrin is secreted by what cells in the antrum

A

G cells

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5
Q

gastrin secretion is stimulated by three factors

A

1) small peptides and AA (esp Phe and Tyr)
2) distension of the stomach
3) vagal stimulation

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6
Q

vagal stimulation of G cells occurs with which neurocrine factor

A

GRP

Bombesin

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7
Q

gastrin secretion can be inhibited in what two ways

A

1) low pH of gastric contents

2) somatostatin

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8
Q

zollinger ellison syndrome primarily produces ulcers in what part of the alimentary tract

A

duodenum

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9
Q

in zollinger ellison syndrome, since there is too much gastrin, too much ___ is produced, and the pH of chyme entering the duodenum is too ____ for pancreatic enzymes, such as lipase to breakdown fats, leading to ______

A

too much h+ is produced
chyme pH too low
steatorrhea

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10
Q

H2 receptor blocking drug

A

cimetidine

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11
Q

H+ pump inhibitor

A

omeprazole

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12
Q

CCK is secreted by what cells of the SI

A

I cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa

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13
Q

CCK is secreted in response to what stimuli (2)

A

monoglycerides and FA

small peptides and AA

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14
Q

T/F CCK is secreted in response to TAGs

A

False

only monoglycerides and FA

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15
Q

Five actions of CCK

A

contraction of gallbladder/relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
secretion of pancreatic enzymes
secretion of bicarb
growth of exocrine pancreas and gallbladder
inhibition of gastric emptying

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16
Q

function of secretin

A

promote secretion of pancreatic and biliary HCO3 to neutralize H+ in lumen of SI

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17
Q

secretin inhibits what other GI hormone?

A

Effects of gastrin on parietal cells

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18
Q

Secretin is secreted by what cells in the SI

A

S cells

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19
Q

secretin is secreted in response to what stimuli

A

H+ and FA in the lumen of the SI

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20
Q

GIP is secreted by what cells of the SI

A

K cells fo the duodenal and jejunal mucosa

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21
Q

GIP is secreted in response to what stimuli

A

Glucose, AA, FA

esp. oral glucose

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22
Q

function of GIP

A

stimulation of insulin secretion

inhibition of gastric H+ secretion

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23
Q

four GI hormones include

A

CCK
Gastrin
GIP
Secretin

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24
Q

candidate GI hormones

A

Motilin
pancreatic polypeptide
enteroglucagon
glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1)

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25
function of motilin
increases GI motility and initiates interdigestive myoelectric complexes
26
function of pancreatic polypeptide
inhibits pancreatic secretion of HCO3 in response to carbs, proteins, lipids (idk why tho)
27
function of enteroglucagon
released in response to a decrease in blood glucose concentration directs the liver to increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
28
functions of GLP1
stimulates insulin secretion inhibits glucagon secretion inhibits appetite
29
somatostatin is secreted by what cells of the SI
D cells
30
Somatostatin secretion is stimulated by
decreased luminal pH
31
functions of somatostatin
inhibits secretion of gastric hormones | inhibits gastric H+ secretion
32
function of histamine
stimulates H+ secretion in the gastric parietal cells
33
the satiety center is located in what nucleus of the hypothalamus
ventral posterior nucleus
34
the feeding center is located in what nucleus of the hypothalamus
lateral hypothalamic area
35
anorexigenic neurons release _____ to have what effect on appetite
POMC | decrease feeding
36
orexigenic neurons release ____ to have what effect on appetite
NPY | increase feeding
37
leptin stimulates which neurons in the arcuate nucleus and inhibits what neurons
stimulates anorexigenic inhibits orexigenic decreases appetite
38
insuline stimulates which neurons in the arcuate nucleus and inhibits what neurons
stimulates anorexigenic inhibits orexigenic decreases appetite
39
effects of GLP-1 on the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
decreases appetite
40
where is ghrelin secreted?
gastric cells
41
ghrelin has what effect on the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
stimulates orexigenic neurons inhibits anorexigenic neurons increases appetite
42
peptide YY function
decreases appetite by inhibiting ghrelin secretion
43
Four phases of pharyngeal phase of swallowing
1) soft pallete is pulled upward, creating a narrow passage for food to move into pharynx, prevents food reflux into nasopharynx 2) epiglottis moves to cover the larynx and larynx moves upward over epiglottis 3) UES relaxes, allowing food to pass into esophagus 4) peristalsis begins
44
opening of the LES is mediated by what nerve, receptor, and neurotransmitter
vagus nerve peptidergic? VIP (NT)
45
receptive relaxation
the LES and orad region of the stomach relax at the same time
46
if the primary peristaltic contraction does not clear the esophagus of food....
a secondary peristaltic contraction will begin | mediated by the enteric nervous system
47
the UES and LES remain closed except for
when food is passing from pharynx into esophagus (UES) | when food is passing from esophagus into stomach (LES)
48
three components of gastric motility
1) relaxation of orad stomach 2) contraction to reduce size/mix bolus 3) gastric emptying into duodenum
49
receptive rleaxation is mediated by what NT
VIP
50
retropulsion
most of the gastric contents are propelled back into the stomach for further mixing and further reduction in size during a peristaltic wave of the stomach wave of contraction closes the pylorus
51
things that decrease gastric motility
sympathetic stimulation secretin GIP
52
two factors that slow gastric emptying
1) presence of fat in the duodenum (CCK) | 2) low pH in the duodenum (mediated by enteric nervous system)
53
longitudinal and circular muscle in the SI is _______ innervated, preventing their simultaneous contraction
reciprocally
54
_____ cells in the intestinal lumen sense the food bolus and release serotonin, binding IPANs that initiate peristaltic refelx
Enterochromaffin-like (ECL)
55
behind the bolus, what muscle is contracting | in front of the bolus, which muscle is contracting
behind - circular muscle (narrows and lengthens) | in front - longitudinal m (widens and shortens)
56
afferent signals for vomiting can come from what areas
vestibular system back of the throat GI tract chemoreceptor trigger zone in fourth ventricle
57
describe the vomiting reflex
abolition of gastric and SI slow waves reverse peristalsis in SI --> stomach relaxation of stomach and pylorus forced inspiration movement of the larynx upward and forward and LES relaxation closure of glottis forceful expulsion of gastric maybe duodenal contents
58
in retching, what sphincter remains closed
UES
59
rectosphincteric reflex
smooth muscle wall of the rectum contracts and the internal anal sphincter relaxes
60
gastrocolic reflex
distension of the stomach by food increases the motility of the colon and increases frequency of mass movements int the LI afferent limb - PNS efferent limb - CCK/Gastrin
61
factors that decrease secretion of saliva
sleep dehydration atropine
62
factors that decrease secretion of gastric glands
H+ in the stomach chyme in the duodenum somatostatin atropine, cemitidine, omeprazole
63
atropine inhibits saliva and gastric gland secretion by what mechanism
muscarinic antagonist | blocks parasympathetic signal of acetylcholine binding muscarinic receptor
64
how does saliva, which was initially isotonic, become hypotonic as it flows through the ducts?
water impermeability of the ducts | net absorption of solutes (NaCl in, KHCO3 out)
65
effects of kallikrein
cleaves kininogen into bradykinin | bradykinn is a potent vasodilator
66
why is salivary blood flow high during periods of increase salivary activity?
kallikrein in saliva breaks kininogen down into bradykinin, which is a potent vasodilator
67
HCO3 secretion in saliva is selectively stimulated in what flow rate
high flow rate | as the flow rate of saliva increases, the HCO3 concentration increases
68
parasympathetic innervation of the salivary glands
Facial nerve | glossopharyngeal nerve
69
sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands
T1-T3 origin superior cervical ganglion B adrenergic receptors
70
components of gastric juic e
HCl pepsinogen intrinsic factor (essential) mucus
71
oxyntic glands differ from pyloric glands how
oxyntic - shallower pits, parietal cells (HCl and intrinsic factor) and chief cells - pepsinogen pyloric glands - deeper pits, G cells (gastrin), mucous neck cells (mucus, HCO3, pepsinogen)
72
cemetidine blocks what receptor
H2 receptor (for histamine) Gs SU --> blocked less cAMP

GI Final (8 decks)

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