Counseling Terms Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
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Natural Environment type of phobia
A
Childhood onset, fear of natural disasters and the environment
2
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ABAB experimental design
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Also called reversal design, behavior of single subject is measured at baseline, introduction of treatment, return to baseline conditions, reintroduction of treatment
3
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Acquired sexual dysfunctions
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Means that symptoms began after a period of normality
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Affect
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Displayed emotions
5
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Agnosia
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A symptom of dementia in which an individual cannot name or recognize objects
6
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Alogia
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Speech deficit
7
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Anhedonia
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Inability to feel pleasure
8
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Anorexia Nervosa, Binge Eating/Purging type
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Low body weight and binges/purges
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Anorexia Nervosa, Restricting type
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Restricts amount of food, exercises, does not binge
10
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Psychopathy or sociopathy; disregard for the rights of others; tendency to be aggressive, dishonest, impulsive, irresponsible, and unlawful
11
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
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Feelings of inadequacy, fear of negative evaluation and social situations, fear of being shamed, may lead to very restricted lives
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Avolition
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Inability or willingness to begin and maintain activities
13
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Behavioral Observations
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Consider what happened before a target behavior, the behavior itself, and its consequences
14
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Biological Etiology of Sexual Disorders
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Biopsychosocial approach
15
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Bipolar I Disorder
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One or more manic episodes, sometimes with a hx of major depressive episode(s)
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Bipolar II Disorder
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One or more major depressive episodes and least one hypomanic episode
17
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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Preoccupation with a body defect, the defect either being imagined or not worthy of the person’s excessive concern
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Unstable, unpredictable, fearful of abandonment, impulsive, reckless, may be financially irresponsible, abuse substances and have unsafe sex
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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Delusions/hallucinations last less than one month
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Case studies
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One person is studied, not as controlled or objective as experiments
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Chronic sexual dysfunctions
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Lifetime dysfunctions, not starting after a period of normality
22
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Classical conditioning
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Accordining to Pavlov, a behavior is learned when a stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a conditioned response
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Q
Clinical Interview
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Used to gather information about a client
24
Q
Collective unconscious
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Carl Jung theorized that humanity has an understanding of human history through this
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Common OCD Obsessions
Contamination, sexual, aggressive, bodily complaints, order perfection
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Competence (legal term)
Person is able to stand trial
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Compulsions
Time consuming and ritualistic actions (physical or mental) that a person feels driven to do
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Conduct Disorder
Infringes on the rights of others and/or break social rules
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Conjoint therapy
Partners are in therapy together
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Content of Clinical Interview
Life history, family, education, culture, sexual history, religion, MSE, current problems, affect, mood
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Control Group
Independent variable is not manipulated in this group
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Correlation Coefficient
Ranges from 0 - 1 has both direction and magnitude
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Correlational method
Research that examines relationships among factors, does not determine cause and effect
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Counter conditioning
Eliminating the present response to a stimulus by substituting another response
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Couples therapy
Any couple in a relationship; usually involved conflict resolution and communication skills
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CR - Conditioned Response
Conditioned response is a learned behavior
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CS - Conditioned Stimulus
Is a neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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Defense Mechanisms
Protect ego from anxiety (unconscious)
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Delirium
Loss of cognitive functioning such as clear thinking and reasoning, orientation; often temporary
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Delusional Disorder
Delusions are present but outside of the delusion (s), there is no significant impairment in functioning
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Delusions
Beliefs that are psychotic, including delusions of grandeur and persecution
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Dependent Personality Disorder
People want to find others to take care of them tendency to be compliant, passive, and irresponsible; fearful of abandonmentl do not like to be alone
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Dependent Variable
Variable measured in an experiment
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Depersonalization
Feelings of detachment from self
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Derealization
Feelings of unreality
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Displacement
Unacceptable emotions are redirected from dangerous objects to safer ones with this defense mechanism
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Dissociative Amnesia
Inability to remember important personal information, reversible, may follow stressful events
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
Identities or personality states (alters) in an individual
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Double-blind study
Experimenter and subjects do not know who is in control or experiment groups
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Dream analysis
Psychoanalytic technique in which dreams are interpreted in order to unbury repressed desires
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Dyspareunia
Pain during intercourse; rare in men; medical reasons for pain must be ruled out
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ECT
Electroconvulsive therapy in which seizures are produced by sending electrical impulses through the brain
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Ego
Psychic structure that handles reality and operates on the reality principle
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Empathy
Understanding the client's perspective
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Encopresis
Pattern of elimination of feces in inappropriate places
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Enuresis
Voiding of urine in inappropriate places
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Epidemiology
Prevalence and incidence of diseases
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Eros
Primarily sexual, the life instinct or life drive
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Etiology
Cause(s) of disorders
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Exhibitionistic Disorder
Sexual arousal associated with exposure of genitals; element or risk important to the arousal
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Experimental group
Receives manipulation of the independent variable
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External validity
Ability to generalize results to groups outside the research study
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Facial agnosia
Inability to recognize familiar people
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Female Orgasmic Disorder
After normal desire and arousal, delay or absence of orgasm
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Fetishistic Disorder
Sexual attraction associated with objects; chronic and recurrent fantasies or urges or behaviors
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Fixation
Freud - stuck at a stage of development
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Formal civil commitment
By court order, can be requested by any citizen
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Free association
In psychoanalysis, the client talks about anything that comes to mind in order to release repressed memories
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Chronic anxiety and worry for at least six months
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Genital stage
Freud - final stage of psychosexual development
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Genuineness
Therapist honestly communicates emotions and experiences
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Hallucinations
Things are sensed (seen, heard,felt,smelled,tasted) that are not present; a psychotic symptom; auditory hallucinations are most common
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
Attention seeking, excessive emotionality, easily influenced; may be inappropriately sexual and vague in speech
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Hypothesis
Proposal concerning causal relationship
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Id
Most primitive psychic structure that operate on the pleasure principle
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Incidence
Number of new cases of a disorder during a certain time period
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Independent variable
Manipulated in an experiment
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Informal or emergency civil commitment
Two doctors can sign a commitment order for a short length of time (24 hours to 20 days)
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Insanity
A legal term: cannot distinguish between right and wrong or mentally ill
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Insomnia
Problem of not getting enough sleep
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Internal validity
Manipulation of the independent variable caused the effects
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Kleine-Levin Syndrome
Latency period
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Latent content of dreams
Unconscious desires that are masked by symbols in dreams
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Law of effect
Thorndike: when behaviors are followed by positive gratification, the behaviors are likely to occur
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Magnitude
Strength of correlation, expressed with the value of "r"
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Major Depressive Episode
At least 2 weeks and at least 4 symptoms; symptoms are feelings of worthlessness, inability to feel pleasure, impaired functioning; children may irritable
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Manic episode
At least 1 week; symptoms may include hyperactivity, flight of ideas, elevated mood, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep
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Manifest content of dreams
The apparent content of dreams
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Mental status exam
Evaluates a client's emotional state, cognition, time orientation, judgment, appearance, and sensing abilities
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Mood
Predominant emotion
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Moral anxiety
Guilt and shame that results from immoral behavior
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Multiple baseline design
Improves generalizeability by researching treatment that begins at different times in different groups in different settings
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Grandiose, admiration-seeking, lacking in empathy, overvaluing accomplishments. May compare self with famous people and see self as unique and superior
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Narcolepsy
Individuals are driven to fall asleep for short periods of time
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Negative "r"
Inverse relationship between variables
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Behavior deficiences, including speech deficits, flat affect, motivational deficits
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Neuropsychological tests
Performance tests that measure brain functioning, given when brain damage is suspected
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Neurotic anxiety
Fear of consequences that could result from the expression of id impulses
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Objective anxiety
Ego's reaction to real danger
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Obsessions
Thoughts and urges that are irrational or intrusive
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Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
Perfectionistic, controlling, excessively orderly
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Oedipus complex
Child is in the phallic stage; sexually desires parent of the opposite sex and fears same-sex parent; fear is ameliorated by identification with the same sex parent
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Operant conditioning
Skinner: Reinforcers and punishments will affect the learning behaviors and their maintenance
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Opiate withdrawal symptoms
Nausea, diarrhea, muscle pain, insomnia; may last a week
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Negative, hostile antagonisitic and defiant behavior pattern
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Oral stage
Freud: first stage of psychosexual development
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
Distrustful, suspicious, jealous and may want to harm others and be hostile
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Parasomnias
Abnormal behaviors during sleep
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Parethesias
Tingling or numbness sometimes felt during a panic attack
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Pedophilic Disorder
Sexual arousal in regard to children
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Positive effects of amphetamines
Treatment of narcolepsy and hypersomnia, improve mood, reduce fatigue, and weight loss
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Positive effects of cocaine
Local anesthetic, stimulant
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Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Behaviors such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech
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PSTD
After a traumatic event, symptoms are intrusive memories, avoiding emotional triggers, emotional numbness, and arousal
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Prevalence
Statistics involving the presence of a disorder among a certain population at a certain time
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Primary process thinking
Id uses it to produce mental pictures
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Prognosis
Most likely progress of a disorder
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Projection
Unacceptable desires are attributed to other people as a defense mechanism
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Projective tests
Person responds to ambiguous stimuli; given to reveal unconscious conflicts; harder to fake than objective tests
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Psychoactive drugs
Alter thinking/emotions/behaviors; stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens
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Random assignment of subjects
Control group and experimental group should be as similar as possible
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Reaction formation
"Wrong" feelings are converted into their opposites with this defense mechanism
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Regression
Individual returns to an earlier developmental stage as a defense mechanism
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Reliability
Test gives consistent results over time
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Repression
Traumatic events and undesirable thoughts are buried in the unconscious
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Risk factor
Condition that increases the likelihood of getting a disorder
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Rorschach inkblot test
Most widely used projective test
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
Prefer to be alone, low levels of emotion
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Schizophrenia
Disturbances in behavior, speech, thinking, perception and emotions that involve psychosis; at least 2 symptoms of schizophrenia for one month required for diagnosis
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Schizophreniform Disorder
Same symptoms of schizophrenia but duration is less than 6 months
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Odd beliefs, perhaps of being psychic or having magic powers; unusual speech; problems with interpersonal relationships; sometimes psychotic episodes
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Scientific statements
Testable, based on observations, linked to measureable outcomes
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Secondary process thinking
Ego uses it to plan and make decisions
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Sensitivity training groups
Purpose is to improve empathy skills and promote personal growth
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Sensorium
Awareness of the environment
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Sexual response cycle
Desire, arousal and orgasm
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Situational type of phobia
Fear is related to situations
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Social learning approach
Bandura: we learn through modeling and seeing models being rewarded and punished
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Social phobia
Fear of social situations
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Speech and cognition
Cognition judged by content, rate, and continuity of speech
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Standardization
Similar procedures are used each time test is administered
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Statistical significance
Probability that a relationship happened by chance
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Substance intoxication
Getting drunk or getting high; imparied judgement, impaired motor coordination; symptoms depend on the drug, the quantity, and how it reacts in the individual
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Subtypes of specific phobias
Animal, blood-injection-injury, situational, natural environment, other
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Suicidal risk factors
Family hx of suicide, mental disorder(s), low serotonin levels, alcohol use, stressful event that is seen as shameful, past hx of suicide attempts
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Superego
Psychic structure that internalizes morality
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Systemic desensitization
Form of counterconditioning developed by Wolpe
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Thanatos
Death instinct
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The pleasure principle
Immediate gratification of impulses
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The reality principle
Used by the ego to negotiate between the id and the environment
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Token economy
Positive behaviors are rewarded with tokens that are used to buy items/privileges of worth to the client
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Types of disorganized speech in Schizophrenia
Incoherent, illogical, loose associations
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UCR - Unconditioned response
Unconditioned response that is naturally produced by a stimulus
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UCS - Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus naturally produces a response
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Unconditional positive regard
Client is treated with dignity and respect
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Validity
Test measures what it says it measures
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Waxy flexibility
When a person's position stays the same when someone else changes it
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Withdrawal
Physically distressful symptoms when a drug is not used
