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Crime and Punishment > Countryside Crime > Flashcards

Countryside Crime Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Webster, Introduction to Basque Legends, 1879

A

Basque language nothing in common with other European languages
‘naive good faith’
chance of finding legends in ‘purer and older form’
‘the Basque language calls a spade a spade’

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2
Q

‘you don’t need to go to America to see savages’

A

Honore de Balzac (in Weber)

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3
Q

Different levels of development

A

San Marlot, Geneva line

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4
Q

Passing officer lamented that for peasants, France = taxes

A

Il-et-Vilaine

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5
Q

Proportion of communes with rural territory that had no garde champêtre in 1856

A

1/4

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6
Q

Proportion of communes that spoke no French in 1863

A

1/4

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7
Q

France was still essentially a traditional peasant and artisan society (McPhee)

A

1880

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8
Q

Proportion of French living in rural communities 1831

A

81%

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9
Q

land prices doubled

A

in the 30 years after 1815

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10
Q

land taxes rose 53%

A

1839-47

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11
Q

Peasants took the opportunity to ignore the criminal justice system

A

Revolutions of 1789, 1830, 1848

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12
Q

Bataille, Dramas of the Courtroom, Bellacoscia, the Last of the Bandits

A

45 years living in the wild and hiding from police after murdered notary/ mayor of Bocagnano, Marcaggi
‘troops sent, vainly on many occasions’
1865 authorities placed under lock and key about 100 inhabitants of Bocagnano, who were suspected of giving them due warning or sheltering them
When danger passed, they frequently came down to Bocagnano and took part in elections, acting as veritable masters of the countryside
January 1880, sentenced to death for 5th time
Corsica saw in him the last of the bandits, the end of days of romance
Acquitted by jury
Lives in retirement in Bocagnano in 1892 despite having been banned from there

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13
Q

Corbin, Village of Cannibals

A

Village of Hautefayre, August 16 1870
Villagers seized, tortured and killed de Monéys, a noble
Last outburst of peasant rage to result in murder
Republicans still identified with unpopular 45 cm tax imposed by the provincial government after the Revolution of 1848
People in district of Nontron recalled domination during ancien régime by nobles
de Monéys rumoured to have shouted ‘Vive la République’
Peasants ‘saw the noble, the curé and the republican as united in a common threat to themselves and the emperor’

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14
Q

Violent grain riot

A

Buzançais, 1847

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15
Q

Several deaths of gendarmes during resistance to coup d’état

A

2 December 1851

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16
Q

Mob murder rue Haxo

A

in Paris, May 1871

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17
Q

Number of communards perished at hands of Versailles forces

A

25 0000 - 100 000 (Merriman)

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18
Q

Resistance to Napoleonic conscription

A

Epic resistance in the Vendée, the Catholic and Royal Army led by Cathelineau, Stofflet, especially in the ‘great war’ of 1793-4 faceless ambushes of the Chaunnerie

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19
Q

Year rebellious hinterlands brought into line according to Broers

A

1810

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20
Q

La guerre des demoiselles

A

late 1820s/ early 1830s

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21
Q

‘those who take wood from the forest are the most unfortunate who deserve pity

A

One Pyrenean, quoted by Emsley

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22
Q

What brought forest theft offending to an end?

A

General exodus from contested mountainous and forested regions (Emsley)

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23
Q

Band of vagabonds arrested at Haute-Loire fair with passports describing them as merchants, road maps and guides with the times and dates of fairs across the whole of France

A

October 1833

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24
Q

‘May God deliver us from all ill and from justice!’

A

People of Charente. Survived into 1930s

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25
People who called a certain bird sergent, after the baliff - sergent de justice - because it stole sardines from other, smaller birds
Breton fishermen
26
Legal costs of selling inheritance
up to 3/4 of estate
27
Proportion of accused criminals living in rural parishes in the 1840s
60% (Levasseur)
28
Proportion of accused criminals living in urban areas 1880s
over 50% (Levasseur)
29
Crimes against property more frequent
City
30
Homicides more common
Countryside
31
Year in which there were 11 murders per million in countryside and 9.3 in towns
1880
32
Destruction of crops increased fourfold
century before 1880
33
crimes most typical of rural areas - hunting, fishing, poaching - fell steadily
275. 5 per 100 000 population in 1854 50. 2 in 1900 43. 7 in 1912 24. 3 in 1921
34
Abortion/ infanticides common in countryside. Matter-of-fact attitude
Case of mum who helped daughter kill unwanted child, boil and feed 2 pigs
35
Scavenging/ smuggling off shipwrecks
e.g. off Brittany's rocky shores. Complemented economy of scarcity
36
Power of magistrates weak and that of inertia almost invincible (where it comes to scavenging and smuggling off shipwrecks)
Prefect of Nantes, 1812 Such scavenging still to be found under July Monarchy
37
Breton beggar bands in 1840
Still supposed to follow single leader, Coesre, and to meet annually on the Pré-a- Gueux
38
Breton beggar bands in 1858
Driven out of Colpo but they set up quarters in other parts and only 20th Century saw an end to their organised crime
39
1844 military reports
spoke of outlaws taking refuge in the wilds of Gévaudan
40
Brigandage persisted longest | Gangs ruled the countryside
Corsica
41
Had to use local game keeper as interpreter
Commissaire Flaubert, Pont-L'Abbé, 1846
42
2nd Empire policing expansion
Police superintendents in rural areas | Increase in countryside-specialising gendarmerie
43
Rise in quantity of reports from countryside-specialising gendarmerie
56 000 1840s | 189 000 1880
44
Result of increased police presence
Steep decline in activities of anachronistic criminals - highwaymen, brigand gangs, etc Smuggling much hardier
45
Basque clergy taught
indirect taxes are contrary to canonical and social justice, so smuggling isn't a sin
46
Military observers in the Pyrenees
Recognised that smuggling is their only resource, only trade | Gradually mountain men of the Pyrenees found new resources
47
State monopoly of match production created new crime
making/ selling of contraband matches
48
March 1866, Plogastel-Saint-Germain
Draft board met for annual drawing of lots for who would perform 7 years' military service Contingent of draft-age youths from Plozévet arrived Brawl of over 300 ppl, using staves, stones Youths from Plozévet wanted to march round cross - tradition to ensure good draft numbers All other youths wished to stop them In past, mayor had insisted on disarmament This year, gendarmes rubbished his fears of trouble and villagers allowed to keep hold of cudgels that the Berton peasant rarely laid aside
49
Endless brawls
Mountains of Auvergne
50
Young servant girl at Elne
accused of stealing handkerchief worth one franc | vehement denials availed her of no more than suspended sentence
51
Complained liberty more restricted now, in 1848, than b4 in ancien régime, as result of police intervention
Men of Tarascon
52
Our populations hold the figure of the gendarme sacred Yet same file shows gendarmes frequently attacked when interfered with local gambling, drinking, poaching, fairs, pilgrimages
Prefect of Châteulin, 1853
53
Particularly inflammable because of incessant friction over forest rights
Ariège
54
Disturbances resulting from Forest Code 1827
Burgundy and Dauphiné, Anjou, Gascony, Pyrenees Trespass, pilfering, theft, acts of vengeance against guards Forestry-related crimes only tapered off after 1850s
55
Poor rose, cut down thousands of trees and the army/ national guard had to intervene
Gers, 1828 | Cantal, 1839
56
Rural populations imbued with the idea they have been despoiled of property rights held since time immemorial
Summer 1848, royal prosecutor, Toulouse, of the forest fires, raids to mutilate trees etc of the peasants
57
Most common cases brought before courts of the Second Empire
Hunting e.g. Bazas, 1856, 45 hunting violations vs 43 thefts
58
Selection of new offences
Begging, drunkenness, gleaning, gathering wood, peddling without permit
59
Crimes caused by conscription
failure to report, desertion, self-mutilation to escape the draft
60
Modernisation creating crime
Use of traditional weights and measures became illegal New hygienic regulations governing sale of drugs etc New postage stamps - 1849 law making re-use of cancelled stamps a crime
61
Example of how novelties became ordinary
New postage stamps Civil court records of Sainte-Menehould list 18 offences for use of old postage stamps 1850s, 4 in 1860s, 4 in 1870s, 2 in 1880s, last in 1886
62
Increase in offences due to increased readiness to lodge complaints
Châteaulin, num of offences for coups et blesseures almost tripled 1856-1906 More and more complaints by women about domestic violence
63
Legal costs
as high as 30 francs, 15 days' wage More complaints because of bigger budgets as well as change of mores
64
Sainte-Menehould court's earliest judgement on abuse of young child
1900
65
Cahiers of 1789
full of complaints about beggars
66
poor gathered in thousands on a beach at Cesson, looking for shellfish, devoured raw
1814, priest's account
67
1848 agricultural survey
in Perche, begging as chronic as penury Ppl used to it. Felt no shame about it
68
Beggars crowded into cities because they had organised charity
e.g. Toulouse full of beggars through 1840s and 50s Annuaire de la Haute-Garonne, 1848 - One couldn't take a step without being assailed
69
begging ancient tradition, part of subsistence pattern
in Ariège. Endured to the end of the Second Empire
70
Beggars are real tyrants and many deliberately make themselves feared by their threats
Commissaire, Gers, 1876
71
Number of beggars in 1905 according to Méline
400 000 beggars (over 1% of population) | Created feeling of insecurity that contributed to rural exodus, especially of bourgeoisie
72
Beggars often menaced those who refused them alms fences torn down, fields flooded
Court records
73
Cantonal archives swelled with circulars and reports
beggars and vagabonds enter isolated houses and demand food and drink
74
writer, 1894
Bresse and Savoy, houses crowded into hamlets, partly for fear of beggars
75
Stats for arrests for vagrancy and begging
2500 in 1830 50 000 in 1899
76
Economic crises less significant than disruptions of collective order
Durkheim, Suicide
77
Cultural reasons for begging
Traditional tales and morality argued against turning away the stranger or the poor Fear of supernatural retribution if beggar turned away
78
Social function of beggar
Souvestre - 'the beggar is also the bard, the news carrier and commercial traveller'. In Lower Brittany especially
79
Beggars ashamed to beg
Vergougnans of Pyrénées-Orientales wore mask Roussillon and Hérault, crisis of 1907 - local doctor saw new beggars wearing masks too

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