couples

Question 1

Parsons view of roles of man and woman

Answer 1

qhusband has an instrumental role, he is the breadwinner. he provides financial stability

wife has a expressive role, she is the primary socialisation + meets families emotional needs, housewife

Question 2

why do feminists reject Parsons views of the fixed roles of man and woman

Answer 2

Parson claims that these differences in roles are from biological differences, whereas feminists believe that the patriarchy made them up for mens own benefits

Question 3

why do these sociologists criticise Parsons view of fixed roles

Answer 3

Young + Willmott - men are now taking a greater division of labour in the home

Question 4

what are joint and segregated roles according to this sociologist

Answer 4

Bott
segregated conjugal roles - male = breadwinner whereas female is the homemaker. leisure activities done separate

joint conjugal roles - couple chares housework + childcare

Question 5

what were the patterns of Young and Willmotts study in the 1950’s

Answer 5

pattern of segregated conjugal roles, in their study of traditional WC extended families in Benthal green, east london

men breadwinner, play little part in house + leisure activities done separate
women spent time with other family women, men spent time with colleagues

Question 6

what is the symmetrical family

Answer 6

march of progress view, family is improving for all members, trending away from segregated roles

women working too now
men help with housework+ childcare
couples spend time together not separately

Question 7

why are roles changing in the family

Answer 7

changes in women’s position like going out to work - raises standards of living

geographical mobility - away from the traditional mindset of family

new technology - raised standards of living can afford technology that makes homeowning easier

higher standards of living

Question 8

who criticises Young and Willmotts view that the family is now symmetrical

Answer 8

Oakley
they claims are exaggerated men help only once a week - hardly any convincing information of symmetry

Question 9

what did Oakley find in her own study of husbands helping in the home

Answer 9

only 15% of husbands had high level of participation in housework, only 25% in childcare

Question 10

what do women miss out on because of homeworking duties

Answer 10

men only take part in the pleasurable part of childcare, so that women can clean. A good father was one that took baby away from mother so mum can miss out on playing with her own children

Question 11

what sociologists findings support Oakley

Answer 11

Boulton supports Oakley
fewer than 20% husbands had major role in childcare y+w exaggerate men’s contribution of looking at tasks involved in childcare

Question 12

sex - typing

Answer 12

Warde + Hetherington found sex- typing of domestic tasks remained strong
wives 30 x likely to have done the washing up, husbands 4x likely to have done the car cleaning

men only do feminine tasks if wife not around + found change of attitude on young men

Question 13

who argues that working full-time leads to equality

Answer 13

Gershuny

Question 14

what is a sociologists analysis from different timepoints findings in the spread of domestic work

Answer 14

Sullivan analysis of nationally representative data in 1975, 1987, 1997 found trend of women doing less domestic, men doing more

men participating more in women typed tasks

trends reflect changes in the attitudes to traditional division of labour

Question 15

what did the British Social Attitudes survey find about attiudes to gender roles

Answer 15

a fall in the number of people who think its the mans job to financially support and women’s job to look after home

(1984) - 45% men + 41% of women think that compared to 13% men and 12% of women (2013)

Question 16

how much do men really do in comparison to women

Answer 16

2012 British Social Survey men did 8 hours of housework a week, women did 13 hours

men do 10 hours of care for family members, women did 23

60% of women felt this division of labour was unjust because they were doing more than just fair share

Question 17

who does what? British Social Attitudes

Answer 17

women more likely to care for elderly family members, do laundry, shop for groceries - patterns same as they has been in 1994

Question 18

Boultons views are supported by a number of sociologists which are

Answer 18

Ferri + Smith - fathers took responsibility of childcare in fewer than 4% families

Dex + Ward - although fathers have high involvement, 78% played but when it came to caring 1% fathers took responsibility

Braun + Vincent + Ball - 3/70 families father is main carer. most were background fathers = relationship over responsibility

Question 19

who coined the term the triple shift

Answer 19

Duncombe + Marsden- emotion, labour, paid work
managing the emotions of the family

Question 20

who does the responsibility of managing quality time fall to according to this sociologist

Answer 20

Southerton - falls to mothers

managing quality time is becoming harder, women have to work now, they are increasingly juggling the demands of work + career personal leisure time + family

Question 21

what is the difference of leisure time in men and women according to this sociologist

Answer 21

Southerton - women’s quality time is punctuated by childcare so they multi-task they deal with the dual burden , whereas men have uninterrupted leisure time

Question 22

what are the two explanations of unequal division of labour according to these sociologists

Answer 22

Crompton + Lyonette
-cultural / ideological explanation of inequality
division of labour is controlled by patriarchal norms + values. society expects women to do these feminine roles

material/ economic explanation of inequality
women generally earn less so its economically traditional to do more housework + childcare while men do the earning

Question 23

what is a sociologists evidence for the cultural explanation of unequal division of labour

Answer 23

Gershuny - couples with parents who had equal relationship also go on to have equal division of labour - suggests that it is socialised in primary socialisation

Man Yee Kan - younger men do more domestic work suggests a generational shift is occurring

British Social Attitudes survey 2013 found less than 10% under 35agreed with traditional division of labour against 30% in the over 65s - reflects changes in gender role socialisation

Dunne - lesbians had more symmetrical relationship because of absence of traditional gender scripts so do not conform to norms

Question 24

all evidence for the material explanation for the inequality in the division of labour

Answer 24

Kan - for every 10,000 a year a woman earns, a woman does 2 hours less per week

Arber + Ginn - better paid, MC able to buy commercial products that help with labour made them spend less time in labour

Ramos - where woman is the full time breadwinner and if man is unemployed he does as much domestic labour as she does

Sullivan - working full time rather than part time makes biggest difference of how much domestic work a partner does

Question 25

why are women more likely to earn less than men

Answer 25

women, especially those with children more likely to work part - time to meet demands of family as well as work healthily

Question 26

Barrett and McIntosh sat what about decision making

Answer 26

- men gain far more from women's domestic labour than women gained from financial support - financial support that husbands give comes with strings attached - men usually make the decisions about the important stuff

Question 27

what does this sociologist find about the share of resources within WC families

Answer 27

Kempson - amongst WC families, women denied their own needs, seldom going out, skipping meals woman has no entitlement to share of household resources so she spends money on essentials for children

Question 28

what is the two main types of control over family income according to these sociologists

Answer 28

Pahl + Vogler -allowance system - men give wives allowance of which they have to budget from - pooling - both partners have access to income + joint responsibility for expenditure

Question 29

how does pooling not mean that decision making is equal according to sociologists

Answer 29

Pahl + Vogler when pooling controlled by husband it gives them the power in decision making

Question 30

how do dual earners spread the decision making according to this sociologist

Answer 30

Hardill's study on 30 dual professional couples decisions made by man or joint decision

Question 31

according to Edgell how do couples decision make

Answer 31

very important decisions - taken by husband alone or taken jointly with girl but male has final say important decisions - taken jointly , and seldom by wife alone less important decisions - by wife

Question 32

what Laurie and Gershuny find out about wives with high income and decision making

Answer 32

by 1995 70% of couples had an equal say in decisions, if high paid were more likely to have a say`

Question 33

what do feminists argue about the reason in which males are more likely to be the decision makers

Answer 33

the patriarchal society cultural definition of men as decision maker is deeply ingrained in men + women through gender role socialisation

Question 34

what shows that pooling does not mean equality

Answer 34

Vogler et al found cohabiting couples do not pool their money for a sense of independence, but still make more equal decisions than married

Question 35

what is a personal life perspective on money from Smart

Answer 35

same sex couples have different meanings to the control of money in their relationship gay coupled attached no importance to who controlled money perfectly happy to leave it to their partner - do not see control of money as meaning equality or inequality

Question 36

what is the typical pattern for pooling according to this sociologist

Answer 36

couples had pooling for household spendings together with their sperate accounts for sense of identity they had a co - independence where they share but also retain control over money

Question 37

why do sociologists oppose the view that domestic violence is the result of someone with psychological problems

Answer 37

domestic abuse is sociological not psychological - domestic abuse is too widespread - according to Women's Aid Federation 2014, domestic abuse accounts for 1/4 of crime - domestic violence does not occur randomly but follows social patterns Coleman et al women more likely to experience this abuse across all 4 types of abuse Coleman + Osborne - two women a week are killed by a partner

Question 38

Dobash + Dobash own research on domestic violence

Answer 38

research in Scotland based on police + court records + interview with women refuge of women being abused e.g beaten,raped…

Question 39

what did Dobash and Dobash find about violent incidents

Answer 39

violent incidents were set off by what husband see as challenge to his shutouts e.g wife asking why he was late to dinner

Question 40

how does marriage legitimise violence against women

Answer 40

marriage legitimises violence against women by conferring power and authority on husbands and dependency on wives

Question 41

what did the Crime Survey for england and wales find in a gender gap

Answer 41

7.3% of women compared to 5% men reported having experienced formative abuse

Question 42

what are Walby and Allen’s findings of who is more likely to become a victim

Answer 42

women more like to be victims of multiple abuse and of sexual violence

Question 43

what did samsara and Hindin find about women’s suffering of domestic abuse

Answer 43

women suffered more severe psychological effects + physical abuse women more likely to fear their sexual partners

Question 44

why is it difficult to count speedster domestic violence incidents according to this sociologist

Answer 44

Dar- difficult to. punt deprecate counts of domestic abuse as abuse can be continuous e.g living under constant threat or victim cannot reliably count instances

Question 45

why may victims be unloading to report domestic abuse according to this sociologist

Answer 45

Dar - less likely to report because fhey believe it is not a matter for the police or that it’s too trivial or fear from reprisals

Question 46

how many counts of assaults do women go through before reporting according to this sociologist

Answer 46

Yearnshire on average women suffers 35 assaults before reporting it domestic violence is least out of violences to be reported

Question 47

according to this sociologist why is there a reluctance of the police to investigate domestic abuse within couples

Answer 47

police + prosecutors believe that - family is a private sphere - access should be limited - family is good do agencies tend to ignore the darker side of the family individuals are free agents so if women is experienced domestic abuse, she is free to leave

Question 48

what goes against the fact that women are free agents and so they are free to leave as individual agents

Answer 48

make violence is softer paired with make economic power, abused women more likely to be financially dependent on their husbands

Question 49

what are the two explanations for domestic violence

Answer 49

radical feminists- the patriarchal system and patriarchal ideals, cultural values + institution matriarchal explanation - economic factor such as lack of recourses

Question 50

what sociologists back the radical feminist explanation for domestic violence

Answer 50

Millett + Firestone - argue all societies are founded on patriarchy so men = enemy + exploiters of women

Question 51

why do some radical feminists believe that widespread domestic violence in inevitable feature of patriarchy

Answer 51

domestic violence helps to conserve the power men have over women by controlling by fear therefore it is not psychological, it is sociological

Question 52

according to radical feminist explanation for domestic violence why is there reluctancy of police investigating abuse

Answer 52

male domination in institutions explain why males are reluctant to investigate

Question 53

why does Elliot reject the radical femisnist claim that all men benefit from domestic violence against women

Answer 53

Elliot - not all men are aggressive and opposed to violence - radicals ignroe this

Question 54

what do radical feminists fail to explain about abuse

Answer 54

fail to explain why abuse happens with women against men, children and lesbian relationships also fail to explain why different women are more susceptible to abuse e.g evidence from Office of National Statistics suggest young women low social class + deprived areas long term illness high alcohol consumption shared + rented accommodation

Question 55

according to the Crime Survey for England and Wales how much men have experienced domestic abuse by 16

Answer 55

18% men have experienced abuse - fail to explain why abuse against men also happens

Question 56

according to these sociologists what is domestic abuse the result of according to the materialistic explanation

Answer 56

domestic violence is the result of stress in family caused by social inequality

Question 57

why types of inequality would increase stress and so domestic violence in the home

Answer 57

- worries about jobs, hosing may spill over into domestic abuse as conflicts and tempest become frayed lack of money + time restricts people’s social circle so refuse social support if under stress

Question 58

what is a positive evaluation of Wilkinson and Pickett

Answer 58

they both are useful in showing how social inequality produces stress that triggers violence expansions why those in lower classes are more vulnerable to DV - unlike radical explanation

Question 59

what is a negative evaluation of Wilkinson and Pickett

Answer 59

they do not explain why women rather than men are victims

Question 60

who and what type of feminists support Wilkinson + Pickett

Answer 60

marxists feminist - Ansley describes women as takers of shit DV is the product of capitalism, make workers exploited at work and so take out their frustration on their wives - helps to explain why DV is against women more than men