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sociology a level > couples > Flashcards

couples Flashcards

1
Q

Parsons view of roles of man and woman

A

qhusband has an instrumental role, he is the breadwinner. he provides financial stability

wife has a expressive role, she is the primary socialisation + meets families emotional needs, housewife

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2
Q

why do feminists reject Parsons views of the fixed roles of man and woman

A

Parson claims that these differences in roles are from biological differences, whereas feminists believe that the patriarchy made them up for mens own benefits

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3
Q

why do these sociologists criticise Parsons view of fixed roles

A

Young + Willmott - men are now taking a greater division of labour in the home

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4
Q

what are joint and segregated roles according to this sociologist

A

Bott
segregated conjugal roles - male = breadwinner whereas female is the homemaker. leisure activities done separate

joint conjugal roles - couple chares housework + childcare

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5
Q

what were the patterns of Young and Willmotts study in the 1950’s

A

pattern of segregated conjugal roles, in their study of traditional WC extended families in Benthal green, east london

men breadwinner, play little part in house + leisure activities done separate
women spent time with other family women, men spent time with colleagues

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6
Q

what is the symmetrical family

A

march of progress view, family is improving for all members, trending away from segregated roles

women working too now
men help with housework+ childcare
couples spend time together not separately

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7
Q

why are roles changing in the family

A

changes in women’s position like going out to work - raises standards of living

geographical mobility - away from the traditional mindset of family

new technology - raised standards of living can afford technology that makes homeowning easier

higher standards of living

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8
Q

who criticises Young and Willmotts view that the family is now symmetrical

A

Oakley
they claims are exaggerated men help only once a week - hardly any convincing information of symmetry

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9
Q

what did Oakley find in her own study of husbands helping in the home

A

only 15% of husbands had high level of participation in housework, only 25% in childcare

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10
Q

what do women miss out on because of homeworking duties

A

men only take part in the pleasurable part of childcare, so that women can clean. A good father was one that took baby away from mother so mum can miss out on playing with her own children

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11
Q

what sociologists findings support Oakley

A

Boulton supports Oakley
fewer than 20% husbands had major role in childcare y+w exaggerate men’s contribution of looking at tasks involved in childcare

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12
Q

sex - typing

A

Warde + Hetherington found sex- typing of domestic tasks remained strong
wives 30 x likely to have done the washing up, husbands 4x likely to have done the car cleaning

men only do feminine tasks if wife not around + found change of attitude on young men

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13
Q

who argues that working full-time leads to equality

A

Gershuny

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14
Q

what is a sociologists analysis from different timepoints findings in the spread of domestic work

A

Sullivan analysis of nationally representative data in 1975, 1987, 1997 found trend of women doing less domestic, men doing more

men participating more in women typed tasks

trends reflect changes in the attitudes to traditional division of labour

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15
Q

what did the British Social Attitudes survey find about attiudes to gender roles

A

a fall in the number of people who think its the mans job to financially support and women’s job to look after home

(1984) - 45% men + 41% of women think that compared to 13% men and 12% of women (2013)

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16
Q

how much do men really do in comparison to women

A

2012 British Social Survey men did 8 hours of housework a week, women did 13 hours

men do 10 hours of care for family members, women did 23

60% of women felt this division of labour was unjust because they were doing more than just fair share

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17
Q

who does what? British Social Attitudes

A

women more likely to care for elderly family members, do laundry, shop for groceries - patterns same as they has been in 1994

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18
Q

Boultons views are supported by a number of sociologists which are

A

Ferri + Smith - fathers took responsibility of childcare in fewer than 4% families

Dex + Ward - although fathers have high involvement, 78% played but when it came to caring 1% fathers took responsibility

Braun + Vincent + Ball - 3/70 families father is main carer. most were background fathers = relationship over responsibility

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19
Q

who coined the term the triple shift

A

Duncombe + Marsden- emotion, labour, paid work
managing the emotions of the family

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20
Q

who does the responsibility of managing quality time fall to according to this sociologist

A

Southerton - falls to mothers

managing quality time is becoming harder, women have to work now, they are increasingly juggling the demands of work + career personal leisure time + family

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21
Q

what is the difference of leisure time in men and women according to this sociologist

A

Southerton - women’s quality time is punctuated by childcare so they multi-task they deal with the dual burden , whereas men have uninterrupted leisure time

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22
Q

what are the two explanations of unequal division of labour according to these sociologists

A

Crompton + Lyonette
-cultural / ideological explanation of inequality
division of labour is controlled by patriarchal norms + values. society expects women to do these feminine roles

material/ economic explanation of inequality
women generally earn less so its economically traditional to do more housework + childcare while men do the earning

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23
Q

what is a sociologists evidence for the cultural explanation of unequal division of labour

A

Gershuny - couples with parents who had equal relationship also go on to have equal division of labour - suggests that it is socialised in primary socialisation

Man Yee Kan - younger men do more domestic work suggests a generational shift is occurring

British Social Attitudes survey 2013 found less than 10% under 35agreed with traditional division of labour against 30% in the over 65s - reflects changes in gender role socialisation

Dunne - lesbians had more symmetrical relationship because of absence of traditional gender scripts so do not conform to norms

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24
Q

all evidence for the material explanation for the inequality in the division of labour

A

Kan - for every 10,000 a year a woman earns, a woman does 2 hours less per week

Arber + Ginn - better paid, MC able to buy commercial products that help with labour made them spend less time in labour

Ramos - where woman is the full time breadwinner and if man is unemployed he does as much domestic labour as she does

Sullivan - working full time rather than part time makes biggest difference of how much domestic work a partner does

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25
Q

why are women more likely to earn less than men

A

women, especially those with children more likely to work part - time to meet demands of family as well as work healthily

26
Q

Barrett and McIntosh sat what about decision making

A
  • men gain far more from women’s domestic labour than women gained from financial support
  • financial support that husbands give comes with strings attached
  • men usually make the decisions about the important stuff
27
Q

what does this sociologist find about the share of resources within WC families

A

Kempson - amongst WC families, women denied their own needs, seldom going out, skipping meals

woman has no entitlement to share of household resources so she spends money on essentials for children

28
Q

what is the two main types of control over family income according to these sociologists

A

Pahl + Vogler
-allowance system - men give wives allowance of which they have to budget from

  • pooling - both partners have access to income + joint responsibility for expenditure
29
Q

how does pooling not mean that decision making is equal according to sociologists

A

Pahl + Vogler when pooling controlled by husband it gives them the power in decision making

30
Q

how do dual earners spread the decision making according to this sociologist

A

Hardill’s study on 30 dual professional couples
decisions made by man or joint decision

31
Q

according to Edgell how do couples decision make

A

very important decisions - taken by husband alone or taken jointly with girl but male has final say

important decisions - taken jointly , and seldom by wife alone

less important decisions - by wife

32
Q

what Laurie and Gershuny find out about wives with high income and decision making

A

by 1995 70% of couples had an equal say in decisions, if high paid were more likely to have a say`

33
Q

what do feminists argue about the reason in which males are more likely to be the decision makers

A

the patriarchal society cultural definition of men as decision maker is deeply ingrained in men + women through gender role socialisation

34
Q

what shows that pooling does not mean equality

A

Vogler et al found cohabiting couples do not pool their money for a sense of independence, but still make more equal decisions than married

35
Q

what is a personal life perspective on money from Smart

A

same sex couples have different meanings to the control of money in their relationship

gay coupled attached no importance to who controlled money perfectly happy to leave it to their partner - do not see control of money as meaning equality or inequality

36
Q

what is the typical pattern for pooling according to this sociologist

A

couples had pooling for household spendings together with their sperate accounts for sense of identity

they had a co - independence where they share but also retain control over money

37
Q

why do sociologists oppose the view that domestic violence is the result of someone with psychological problems

A

domestic abuse is sociological not psychological

  • domestic abuse is too widespread - according to Women’s Aid Federation 2014, domestic abuse accounts for 1/4 of crime
  • domestic violence does not occur randomly but follows social patterns
    Coleman et al women more likely to experience this abuse across all 4 types of abuse
    Coleman + Osborne - two women a week are killed by a partner
38
Q

Dobash + Dobash own research on domestic violence

A

research in Scotland based on police + court records + interview with women refuge
of women being abused e.g beaten,raped…

39
Q

what did Dobash and Dobash find about violent incidents

A

violent incidents were set off by what husband see as challenge to his shutouts e.g wife asking why he was late to dinner

40
Q

how does marriage legitimise violence against women

A

marriage legitimises violence against women by conferring power and authority on husbands and dependency on wives

41
Q

what did the Crime Survey for england and wales find in a gender gap

A

7.3% of women compared to 5% men reported having experienced formative abuse

42
Q

what are Walby and Allen’s findings of who is more likely to become a victim

A

women more like to be victims of multiple abuse and of sexual violence

43
Q

what did samsara and Hindin find about women’s suffering of domestic abuse

A

women suffered more severe psychological effects + physical abuse
women more likely to fear their sexual partners

44
Q

why is it difficult to count speedster domestic violence incidents according to this sociologist

A

Dar- difficult to. punt deprecate counts of domestic abuse as abuse can be continuous e.g living under constant threat or victim cannot reliably count instances

45
Q

why may victims be unloading to report domestic abuse according to this sociologist

A

Dar - less likely to report because fhey believe it is not a matter for the police or that it’s too trivial or fear from reprisals

46
Q

how many counts of assaults do women go through before reporting according to this sociologist

A

Yearnshire on average women suffers 35 assaults before reporting it
domestic violence is least out of violences to be reported

47
Q

according to this sociologist why is there a reluctance of the police to investigate domestic abuse within couples

A

police + prosecutors believe that
- family is a private sphere - access should be limited

  • family is good do agencies tend to ignore the darker side of the family

individuals are free agents so if women is experienced domestic abuse, she is free to leave

48
Q

what goes against the fact that women are free agents and so they are free to leave as individual agents

A

make violence is softer paired with make economic power, abused women more likely to be financially dependent on their husbands

49
Q

what are the two explanations for domestic violence

A

radical feminists- the patriarchal system and patriarchal ideals, cultural values + institution

matriarchal explanation - economic factor such as lack of recourses

50
Q

what sociologists back the radical feminist explanation for domestic violence

A

Millett + Firestone - argue all societies are founded on patriarchy so men = enemy + exploiters of women

51
Q

why do some radical feminists believe that widespread domestic violence in inevitable feature of patriarchy

A

domestic violence helps to conserve the power men have over women by controlling by fear therefore it is not psychological, it is sociological

52
Q

according to radical feminist explanation for domestic violence why is there reluctancy of police investigating abuse

A

male domination in institutions explain why males are reluctant to investigate

53
Q

why does Elliot reject the radical femisnist claim that all men benefit from domestic violence against women

A

Elliot - not all men are aggressive and opposed to violence - radicals ignroe this

54
Q

what do radical feminists fail to explain about abuse

A

fail to explain why abuse happens with women against men, children and lesbian relationships

also fail to explain why different women are more susceptible to abuse e.g evidence from Office of National Statistics suggest
young women
low social class + deprived areas
long term illness
high alcohol consumption
shared + rented accommodation

55
Q

according to the Crime Survey for England and Wales how much men have experienced domestic abuse by 16

A

18% men have experienced abuse
- fail to explain why abuse against men also happens

56
Q

according to these sociologists what is domestic abuse the result of according to the materialistic explanation

A

domestic violence is the result of stress in family caused by social inequality

57
Q

why types of inequality would increase stress and so domestic violence in the home

A
  • worries about jobs, hosing may spill over into domestic abuse as conflicts and tempest become frayed

lack of money + time restricts people’s social circle so refuse social support if under stress

58
Q

what is a positive evaluation of Wilkinson and Pickett

A

they both are useful in showing how social inequality produces stress that triggers violence

expansions why those in lower classes are more vulnerable to DV - unlike radical explanation

59
Q

what is a negative evaluation of Wilkinson and Pickett

A

they do not explain why women rather than men are victims

60
Q

who and what type of feminists support Wilkinson + Pickett

A

marxists feminist - Ansley describes women as takers of shit
DV is the product of capitalism, make workers exploited at work and so take out their frustration on their wives - helps to explain why DV is against women more than men

sociology a level (19 decks)

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