cours 4 Flashcards
(93 cards)
What is one of the factors contributing to the renaissance of traditional aboroginal values and mores?
At least one of those factors can be traced to declining pressure within the last fifty years of active and aggressive colonization processes. Within the last several decades, Aboriginal people have been able to create enough cultural space and freedom to analyze and integrate concepts of “loss” and “impermanence” on their terms.
What are the findings relating to aboroginals and ptsd?
As noted above, Aboriginal people have identified this disorder themselves. Many communities have requested that PTSD be considered a diagnostic tool in the newly created healing centres across Canada. More importantly, and in a more immediate sense, there continues to be compelling evidence of a negatively altered and unhealthy psychological atmosphere in Aboriginal culture that must be addressed and healing support must be made available.
What are the five areas of impact from the effects of colonization?
1) Physical: associated with the first stage of colonization (cultural transition) and the introduction of infectious diseases that decimated the Indigenous population and resulted in an intergenerational and culturally propagated (endemic) form of complex post-traumatic stress disorder;
2) Economic: associated with the first stage of colonization (cultural transition) and a violation of Native stewardship of land and forced removal of people from their natural habitat and life ways;
3) Cultural:associatedwiththesecondstageofcolonization(culturaldispossession)andthewaveof Christian missionization intended to bring about religious transformation and cultural destruction through prohibitions imposed on Aboriginal culture and belief systems;
4) Social: associated with the second stage of colonization (cultural dispossession) and the stages of Aboriginal displacement through colonial settlement, which brought alien social structures, introduced non-traditional coping mechanisms and silenced “knowledgeable subjects” within the Aboriginal population; thereby, damaging families, altering gender roles, authority and diminishing cultural values and mores; and
5) Psychological: associated with the third stage of colonization (cultural oppression) and the marginalization of Aboriginal people, as their social selves became largely diminished and impoverished. As well, any perception of control that they had over their lives became reduced and badly undermined and, ultimately, placing perceptions regarding locus of control on the colonizers.
what are the physical changes that aboroginal people experienced in the early period of colonization as a result of contact with the outsiders?
epidemiological, demographic, nutritional and health resources.
what are the symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder?
- the person may have recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event or recurrent distressing dreams. There are dissociative states during which the components of the event are relived, and the person behaves as if he or she is experiencing earlier events at that moment;
- there may be intense psychological distress when the person is exposed to events that resemble an aspect of the traumatic event or that symbolize the traumatic event;
- there may be persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, or a numbing of general responsiveness that was not present before the trauma;* the person may commonly make deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts or feelings about the traumatic event and about activities or situations that arouse recollections of it; and
- the person may manifest diminished responsiveness to the external world, referred to as psychic numbing or emotional anaesthesia.
what is the definition of social disorders?
understood as repetitive maladaptive social patterns that occur in a group of people and are associated with a significantly increased risk of suffering, (for example, post-traumatic stress disorder, disassociative disorders, etc.).
what is a symptom?
understood as a manifestation of maladaptive social patterns, (for example, suicide, domestic violence, sexual abuse, interpersonal maladjustment). Symptoms are not caused by the trauma itself; the historic trauma disrupts adaptive social and cultural patterns and transforms them into maladaptive ones that manifest themselves in symptoms.
what is learned helplessness?
Learned helplessness affects the following psychological processes: motivation (which becomes reduced as there are no incentives to try new coping responses, there is passivity and a lack of response initiation); cognition (with an inability to learn new responses to overcome prior learning that trauma is uncontrollable and cognitive representation of uncontrollability); and emotion (the helpless state resembles depression with feelings of worthlessness, guilt and thoughts of death or suicidal attempts).
what is socially learned helplessness?
Socially learned helplessness may become a prerequisite for social invisibility: people unable or unwilling to act according to dominant social standards and passively (instead of actively) resisting assimilation.
what are the characteristics of internal locus of control?
- More likely to prefer games based on skill. *
- More likely to work for achievements, to tolerate delays in rewards and to plan for long- term goals.
- Better able to resist coercion.
- More likely to learn about their surroundings and learn from their past experiences.
- Find solving their own bouts of depression easier.
- Likewise, they are less prone to learned helplessness and serious depression.
- Better at tolerating ambiguous situations.
- Less willing to take risks.
- More willing to work on self-improvement and better themselves through remedial work.
- Derive greater benefits from social supports.
- Make better mental health recovery in the long- term adjustment to physical disability.* After experiencing success in a task, internals are likely to raise their behavioural goals.
- After failing a task, internals re-evaluate future performances and lower their expectations of success.
what are the characteristics of external locus of control?
More likely to lower their goals.
After failure, externals raise their expectations.
Prefer games based on chance or luck.
what is parental ptsd?
[P]arental PTSD, a putative risk factor for PTSD, appears to be associated with low cortisol levels in offspring, even in the absence of lifetime PTSD in the offspring. The findings suggest that low cortisol levels in PTSD may constitute a vulnerability marker related to parental PTSD as well as a state-related characteristic associated with acute or chronic PTSD symptoms
what are the alterations in affect regulation?
- persistent dysphoria;
- chronic suicidal preoccupation;
- self-injury;
- explosive or extremely inhibited anger (may alternate); [and]
- compulsive or extremely inhibited sexuality (may alternate).
what are the alterations in consciousness?
- amnesia or hyperamnesia for traumatic events;
- transient dissociative episodes;
- depersonalization/derealization; [and]
- reliving experiences, either in the form of intrusive post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms or
in the form of ruminative preoccupation.
what are the alterations in self-perception?
- sense of helplessness or paralysis of initiative;
- shame, guilt and self-blame;
- sense of defilement or stigma; [and]
- sense of complete difference from others (may include sense of specialness, utter
aloneness, belief no other person can understand or non-human identity).
what are the alteration in perception of perpetrator?
- pre-occupation with relationship with perpetrator (includes preoccupation with revenge);
- unrealistic attribution of total power to perpetrator (caution: victim’s assessment of power realities
may be more realistic than clinician’s); - idealization or paradoxical [relationship]…
- sense of special or supernatural relationship; [and]
- acceptance of belief system or rationalizations of perpetrator.
what are the alterations in relation with others?
- isolation and withdrawal;
- disruption in intimate relationships;
- repeated search for rescuer (may alternate with isolation and withdrawal);
- persistent distrust; [and]
- repeated failures of self-protection.
what are the alterations in systems of meaning?
- loss of sustaining faith; [and]
- sense of hopelessness and despair.
En quoi consiste les facteurs de stress et les réponses au stress?
Une personne exposée à un facteur de stress en évalue automatiquement
deux caractéristiques : a) la gravité de la menace et b) la probabilité qu’elle puisse
surmonter efficacement la situation ou ce que l’on appelle l’autoefficacité (Lazarus &
Folkman, 1984).Les mécanismes d’adaptation internes comprennent certains traits de caractère, ainsi que des capacités de régulation émotionnelles, cognitives et comportementales. Les mécanismes
d’adaptation externes incluent les ressources de soutien dans l’environnement de la personne
De quelle manière est-ce que le stress traumatique peut survenir?
1) Être directement exposé à l’événement;2) Être le témoin direct de l’événement survenu à d’autres personnes; 3) Apprendre que
l’événement est arrivé à un proche; 4) Être exposé de manière répétée ou extrême aux détails pénibles d’un événement traumatisant
En quoi consiste les stratégies d’adaptation?
Les stratégies d’adaptation
positives, ou adéquates, visent à modifier la façon dont l’individu se sent par rapport au facteur de stress en se concentrant sur la croissance personnelle ou sur des solutions possibles pour réduire ce stress. En revanche, les stratégies d’adaptation négatives, ou inadéquates, ne sont pas axées sur la croissance personnelle ni sur les efforts pour résoudre
des problèmes.
En quoi consiste les facteurs pré-traumatiques?
D’abord, la capacité d’autocontrôle, soit la capacité à surveiller et à
ajuster ses propres expériences émotionnelles, influence l’efficacité avec laquelle un individu gère ses réactions au stress initial et à long terme (Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004).Ensuite, la flexibilité
cognitive influence comment les victimes percevront l’événement alors qu’elles tentent de comprendre sa signification (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Park, 2010).Le genre influe sur la probabilité de vivre un facteur de stress traumatique et de s’y adapter. Ainsi, les femmes sont moins exposées à des situations traumatisantes que les hommes,
mais elles sont plus susceptibles de subir des conséquences pathologiques (Breslau,
Peterson, & Schultz, 2008; Sareen, 2014; Olff et al., 2007).
En quoi consiste les facteurs péri-traumatiques?
Premièrement, les événements
traumatisants qui causent des dommages physiques irrévocables à la victime ou à un proche représentent une perte importante, soit en ce qui concerne l’état physique de la victime avant le traumatisme, soit en ce qui concerne la perte permanente d’un proche.
Deuxièmement, les événements traumatisants qui sont imprévisibles ou inattendus provoquent un choc.Troisièmement, les événements
traumatisants qui surviennent de manière incontrôlable ou qui sont ingérables sont
particulièrement nuisibles, car la victime est incapable de se protéger ou de protéger ses proches, ce qui la prive de tout pouvoir sur la situation ou sur le résultat. Finalement, le fait
que l’exposition à un événement traumatisant soit accidentelle ou intentionnelle est fondamental.
En quoi consiste les facteurs post-traumatiques?
Le soutien social est le principal facteur qui influence le pronostic post-traumatique.Un soutien social
insuffisant ou négatif augmente le risque de développer des conséquences pathologiques, particulièrement chez les victimes qui ne veulent pas faire parler du traumatisme.Les événements de vie stressants post-traumatiques sont notamment importants parce qu’ils empêchent la victime de s’adapter, surtout si son réseau de soutien social est de mauvaise qualité