🤍 Course 4 : Tools of the Trade

Question 1

What is an operating system (OS)?

Answer 1

Software that manages hardware and runs applications.

• Talks to your hardware.
• Runs applications.
• Makes sure all tasks are handled smoothly and securely.

Question 2

List some common OSs.

Answer 2

• Windows
• macOS
• Linux
• ChromeOS
• Android & iOS

Question 3

Describe Windows.

Answer 3

• Closed-source
• Commonly used in PCs and office networks

Question 4

Describe macOS.

Answer 4

• Partial-sourced
• Commonly used in creative fields

Question 5

Describe Linux.

Answer 5

• Open-sourced
• Commonly used in servers and security

Question 6

Describe ChromeOS.

Answer 6

• Partial-sourced
• Commonly used in education settings

Question 7

Describe Android.

Answer 7

• Open-sourced
• Commonly used in phones and tablets

Question 8

Describe iOS.

Answer 8

• Partial-sourced
• Commonly used in Apple devices only

Question 9

What is the first step of the boot process?

Answer 9

BIOS/UEFI does an initial hardware check.

Question 10

What is the second step of the boot process?

Answer 10

The bootloader launches the OS from the disk.

Question 11

What is the third step of the boot process?

Answer 11

The OS Kernel starts core processes.

Question 12

What is the fourth step of the boot process?

Answer 12

User applications load the login screen and tools.

Question 13

What is BIOS versus UEFI?

Answer 13

BIOS contains older firmware.
UEFI is most common to see today.

Question 14

How do you access the BIO/UEFI?

Answer 14

ESC, F2, or Del

Question 15

What is a bootloader?

Answer 15

Software the lauches the OS.

• Triggered by the BIO/UEFI
• Loads the OS kernel from the disk

Question 16

What is virtualization?

Answer 16

The process of simulating hardware with software.

Question 17

What is a virtual machine (VM)?

Answer 17

A code that behaves just like a full computer.

Question 18

What is a hypervisor?

Answer 18

Software that manages VMs.

Like how I’m using Oracle to simulate a Linux OS.

Question 19

What is a kernel virtual machine (KVM)?

Answer 19

• A virtualization module within Linux kernel that allows Linux to function as a hypervisor.
• Can create multiple virtual machine.

Question 20

What is a virtual server?

Answer 20

One machine that runs many server instances.

Question 21

What is a virtual network?

Answer 21

Simulates networks in code.

Question 22

What is a graphic user interface (GUI)?

Answer 22

This is what most users see.
* Windows
* Buttons
* Icons
* etc.

Question 23

What is a command line interface (CLI)?

Answer 23

A text-based interface where you type specific commands.

Question 24

What does the history command do?

Answer 24

Shows past commands entered in the CLI.

Question 25

What is an **application**?

Answer 25

The person using the system.

Question 26

What is a **package manager**?

Answer 26

Installs, updates, and removes software.

Question 27

What is a **package**?

Answer 27

A collection of files for software.

Question 28

What is a **shell**?

Answer 28

* The text-based command interpreter. * Sends tasks to the kernel.

Question 29

What is the **Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)**?

Answer 29

Organizes data under `/.` * Helps OS and user find files.

Question 30

What is `/home`?

Answer 30

User folders (deskstop, docs)

Question 31

What is `/bin`?

Answer 31

Essential binaries

Question 32

What is `/etc`?

Answer 32

System configs

Question 33

What is `/tmp`?

Answer 33

Temporary files

Question 34

What is /mnt?

Answer 34

Mount points for external drives

Question 35

What does the **kernal** do?

Answer 35

* View running processes * Monitor RAM/CPU use * Assign task priorities

Question 36

What is internal hardware?

Answer 36

Needed to run the system. * CPU * RAM * Motherboard * hard drive

Question 37

What are **peripheral devices**?

Answer 37

Can be added/removed freely. * Monitors * Printers * A mouse * USB drives

Question 38

What does **RAM** do?

Answer 38

* Short-term memory for active tasks * Loses data when powered off * CPU pulls data from RAM

Question 39

How is the CPU used in Linux?

Answer 39

* Executes tasks * Measured in load averages * Controlled by the kernel

Question 40

What command shows live process activity?

Answer 40

`top or htop`

Question 41

What is a Linux distribution? ## Footnote or distro

Answer 41

A customized version of Linux.

Question 42

Name 2 cybersecurity-focused Linux distros.

Answer 42

Kali Linux Parrot

Question 43

What file type does an advanced package tool (APT) use?

Answer 43

.deb

Question 44

What file type does a Yellowdog Updater Modified (YUM) use?

Answer 44

.rpm

Question 45

What is a command?

Answer 45

A typed instruction you give the computer.

Question 46

What is an argument?

Answer 46

Extra information to tell the system what or how to do something.

Question 47

What does the `ls` command do?

Answer 47

List files

Question 48

What does the `-l` command do?

Answer 48

Argument for long listing.

Question 49

What does the `pwd` command do?

Answer 49

Shows your current working history.

Question 50

What does the `cd` command do?

Answer 50

Changes directories

Question 51

What does the `cat` command do?

Answer 51

Displays the contents of a file.

Question 52

What does the `head` and `tail` commands do?

Answer 52

Shows the beginning or end of a file.

Question 53

What does the `whoami` command do?

Answer 53

Shows the user currently logged in.

Question 54

What does the `grep` command do?

Answer 54

Searches for text in files.

Question 55

What do the `mkdir` or `rmdir` commands do?

Answer 55

Create or remove directories.

Question 56

What does the `touch` command do?

Answer 56

Creates an empty file.

Question 57

What do the `rm`, `mv`, and `cp` commands do?

Answer 57

Remove, move/rename/, or copy files.

Question 58

What does the `nano` command do?

Answer 58

Opens a basic terminal text editor.

Question 59

Explain `drwxrwxrwx`.

Answer 59

`d` - directory first group - user permissions middle group - group permissions final group - others' permissions

Question 60

What does the `chmod` command do?

Answer 60

Changes file permissions.