course outcome 3

Question 1

energy resources
metals
non-metallic resources
renewable resources
nonrenewable resources

Answer 1

types of geologic resources

Question 2

petroleum (oil and natural gas), coal,
uranium, geothermal resources

Answer 2

energy resources

Question 3

iron, copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, gold, silver, platinum.

Answer 3

metals

Question 4

sand and gravel, limestone, building
stone, salt, sulfur, gems, gypsum, phosphates, groundwater, etc

Answer 4

non-metallic resources

Question 5

replenished by natural
processes fast enough that people can use them
continuously.

Answer 5

renewable resources

Question 6

form very slowly and are
extracted and used must faster than they can be
renewed naturally.

Answer 6

nonrenewable resources

Question 7

the total
amount of any given
geologic material of
potential economic
interest, discovered and
undiscovered

Answer 7

resource

Question 8

discovered
deposits of geologic
resources that can be
extracted economically
and legally under
present conditions

Answer 8

reserves

Question 9

It refers to the combination of
various primary energy resources
(carbon-based and non-carbon
based) used to meet the energy
needs in a geographic region.
These primary energy resources
are used for:
Power generation
Fuel for transport
Heating and Cooling of residential
areas and industrial

Answer 9

energy mix

Question 10

carbon-based sources
noncarbon-based sources
renewable sources
non-renewable sources

Answer 10

Classification of energy sources

Question 11

obtained from the oxidation or burning of carbon

Answer 11

carbon-based sources

Question 12

Do not generate carbon dioxide

Answer 12

Noncarbon-based sources

Question 13

naturally replenished in a human timescale; constantly
replaced

Answer 13

renewable sources

Question 14

finite and becomes depleted over time with continued use

Answer 14

non-renewable sources

Question 15

a sedimentary rock that
forms from the compaction of
plant material that has not
completely decayed.
Peat – unconsolidated plant
material.
Lignite– (brown coal) is soft and
crumbly.
Sub-bituminous and
bituminous – (soft coal) is black
and dusty, burns with a smoky
flame, is commonly strip mined.
Anthracite – (hard coal), shiny
and dust-free, burns with a
smokeless flame, low level
metamorphic rock.

Answer 15

coal

Question 16

occurs in underground pools and
requires:
Source rock rich in organic
matter.
Reservoir rock in which it can be
stored and transmitted (for
example, sandstone).
Structural (or Oil) trap, a set of
conditions holding rock in
reservoir rock and preventing
migration.
Deep burial and sufficient time
to cook the oil and gas out of the
organic matter.

Answer 16

petroleum and natural gas

Question 17

regions underlain by
one or more oil pools.
Oil and natural gas are removed
through wells drilled down into
an oil trap within a reservoir
rock.
Negative environmental effects
resulting from oil recovery and
transport include oil spills,
brine contamination of surface
water, and ground subsidence

Answer 17

oil fields

Question 18

currently estimated
to last another 50 years at current
rates of use, worldwide

Answer 18

oil reserves

Question 19

danger to miners
contribution to climate change (mainly carbon dioxide)
atmospheric pollution in the form of acid rain (mainly
sulfuric acid)
surface and groundwater pollution due to acid mine
drainage (mainly sulfuric acid)
emission of toxic elements to the atmosphere (especially
mercury)
ash waste impoundment failures

Answer 19

effects of coal mining and use

Question 20

ost rocks are largely left in
place and coal is removed by trucks, conveyor bells, or
rail.

Answer 20

underground mining

Question 21

oal seams are at a shallow level and
the relatively thin overburden is removed.

Answer 21

surface mining

Question 22

large bucket machines first remove the
overburden followed by the coal

Answer 22

strip mining

Question 23

explosives remove the
overburden and the exposed coal is removed

Answer 23

mountaintop removal mining

Question 24

caused by atmospheric
emissions of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides from burning fossil
fuels, mainly coal.
Coal contains varying amounts of
sulfur, commonly in the form of
pyrite, which becomes oxidized to
sulfur dioxide when the coal is
burned.
Sulfur in the form of pyrite can be
removed mechanically, addition of
limestone and water to flue gases

Answer 24

acid rain

Question 25

geothermal energy solar energy wind power hydroelectric power

Answer 25

renewable energy sources

Question 26

Heat energy from beneath the Earth’s surface

Answer 26

geothermal energy

Question 27

uses photovoltaic cells to generate electricity

Answer 27

solar energy

Question 28

use of wind turbines to generate electricity

Answer 28

wind power

Question 29

use of falling water to turn a turbine and generate electricity

Answer 29

hydroelectric power

Question 30

use of tidal changes to spin turbines and generate electricity

Answer 30

tidal power

Question 31

captures the energy of waves to generate electricity; mostly experimental technology.

Answer 31

wave power

Question 32

fuels derived from biologic (recently dead) matter such as ethanol and vegetable oil.

Answer 32

biofuels

Question 33

Seismicity Drilling exploratory wells in geothermal areas can induce earthquakes by hydrofracturing Disposal of Effluent Water Leakage of water from water reservoirs, or - Disposal of wastewater in deep rock formations

Answer 33

negative environmental impacts of geothermal energy

Question 34

erosion and sedimentation low water levels downstream high water levels upstream ecosystem damage displaced population methane emissions earthquakes

Answer 34

negative impacts of hydroelectric dams

Question 35

Use large amounts of steel compared to fossil fuel plants Noise Spoiling of scenic views Hazards to bird migrations

Answer 35

negative impacts of wind energy

Question 36

Large solar arrays are not compatible with agricultural land. Desert environments, however, generally do not compete with agricultural land, and provide abundant sunshine, making them suitable for solar electricity production.

Answer 36

negative impacts of solar energy

Question 37

energy released by a heavy nucleus when it is broken into two smaller nuclei due to bombardment by neutrons with the consequent release of radiation and large amounts of heat non-renewable and mainly uses uranium, plutonium and thorium as its fuel source no combustion reactions involved

Answer 37

nuclear energy

Question 38

Henri Becquerel discovered the natural radioactivity of uranium in 1806. The artificial radioactivity in uranium can be produced by bombarding the nucleus with neutrons. Being uncharged, neutrons can easily enter the nucleus of an atom and split it into two smaller atoms of about same size – Fission

Answer 38

nuclear fission

Question 39

Republic Act No. 2067 Science Act of 1958 Created the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Republic Act No. 5207 Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of 1968 Established the comprehensive nuclear regulatory function of PAEC that is to provide the licensing and regulation of atomic energy facilities and materials Executive Order No. 784 Placed PAEC under National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) Executive Order No. 128 In 1987, PAEC became the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)

Answer 39

nuclear energy

Question 40

radiation nuclear waste disposal

Answer 40

impacts of nuclear energy

Question 41

a naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid that has a specific chemical composition. Forms in the geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and even the atmosphere. Consistent and recognizable physical and chemical properties.

Answer 41

mineral

Question 42

aggregates of minerals.

Answer 42

rocks

Question 43

Atoms must be in close proximity to each other for bonding to occur. Opposite charges allow the ions to be “glued” in place as their charges are neutralized. Creates regular arrangements of atoms in crystalline structures. The Silicate minerals are a very important group of minerals formed from the two most common elements in the crust – silicon and oxygen.

Answer 43

crystalline structures

Question 44

Strongly bonded silicate ion. Basic structure for silicate minerals: Isolated Silicate Structure. Chain Silicates. Sheet Silicates. Framework Silicates.

Answer 44

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Question 45

The more shared Oxygen atoms per tetrahedra, the more complex the silicate structure. Isolated tetrahedra (none shared). Chain silicates (2 shared). Double–chain silicates (alternating 2 and 3 shared). Sheet silicates (3 shared). Framework silicates (4 shared).

Answer 45

silicate structures

Question 46

carbonates sulfates sulfides oxides native elements

Answer 46

non- silicate minerals

Question 47

a range of compositions in common silicate minerals.

Answer 47

solid solutions series

Question 48

when minerals with the same composition have different crystalline structures such as graphite and diamond.

Answer 48

polymorphism

Question 49

rock-forming minerals identification of minerals

Answer 49

physical properties of minerals

Question 50

visible hue of a mineral.

Answer 50

color

Question 51

color left behind when mineral is scraped on unglazed porcelain.

Answer 51

streak

Question 52

way light reflects off surface of a mineral.

Answer 52

luster

Question 53

scratch– resistance.

Answer 53

hardness

Question 54

external geometric form

Answer 54

external crystal form

Question 55

breakage along flat planes due to weaker bonds. Defined by the number of planes and angle between them

Answer 55

cleavage

Question 56

irregular breakage: Occurs when minerals break along strong bonds. Some minerals don’t have weak bonds

Answer 56

fracture

Question 57

density relative to that of water. The specific gravity of water is 1, quartz is 2.65, galena is 7.5, gold is 19.3. You can feel these differences when holding mineral samples.

Answer 57

specific gravity

Question 58

striations magnetism double refraction chemical tests

Answer 58

special properties

Question 59

straight parallel lines on the flat surfaces of crystal faces

Answer 59

striations

Question 60

attracted to magnet

Answer 60

magnetism

Question 61

two images are visible when looking through the mineral

Answer 61

double refraction

Question 62

calcite effervesces (bubbles) in dilute HCl.

Answer 62

chemical tests

Question 63

minerals that form from a crystallizing liquid such as silicates and carbonates. Liquid could be magma, water, or other solutions

Answer 63

precipitates

Question 64

mineral formed from the actions of living organisms such as coral reefs.

Answer 64

biological activity

Question 65

minerals that form as gases from volcanic vents crystallize into solids such as sulfur

Answer 65

sublimination

Question 66

metal ores ores formed by igneous processes crystal settling hydrothermal fluids contact metamorphic deposits hydrothermal veins disseminated deposits hot-spring deposits

Answer 66

metallic resources

Question 67

construction materials fertilizers and evaporities gemstones asbestos, glass sand, fluorite, diatomite, graphite

Answer 67

nonmetallic resources

Question 68

Chemical Precipitation in Layers. Banded Iron, Manganese and Copper Ores. Placer Deposits – concentration of mineral deposits by stream processes. Gold, platinum, diamonds and other gemstones. Concentration by Weathering. Aluminum Ore – Bauxite

Answer 68

ores

Question 69

Forms when magma cools. Sulfide minerals would crystallize early and sink to the bottom of the magma chamber (Gravity settling) and accumulate

Answer 69

magmatic concentration deposit

Question 70

Involves the circulation of hot-water solutions through a magma or through the rock surrounding an igneous intrusion The fluids dissolve metals and when it enters a different environment it would precipitate

Answer 70

hydrothermal deposit

Question 71

Deposits of copper-zinc- lead concentrated on the ocean floor at divergent and convergent boundaries Formed due to black smokers and white smokers which are ocean ridge vents that release hydrothermal fluids. Accumulate by the growth and collapse of black smoker chimneys forming layered or lens-shaped deposits

Answer 71

volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit

Question 72

Principal source of copper When silica-rich magma intrudes and fractures the host rock. Magma emplacement and hydrothermal fluid circulation lead to the precipitation of metals in a complex network of veins

Answer 72

porphyry deposit

Question 73

Largest and most important iron deposits Formed from the chemical precipitation in shallow marine environments around 1.8 to 2.5 billion years ago. Consist of alternating iron-rich and silica-rich layers. Could be several hundred meters thick and encompassing >100km² in area. Precambrian Banded Iron Formation from Michigan Note the alternating layers of quartz and magnetite

Answer 73

banded iron deposit

Question 74

MVT or Mississippi-Valley Type Rain would percolate downward to the bottom of the basin where temperatures are high enough to dissolve metals Water would rise into cooler areas where metals would precipitate.

Answer 74

MVT ore

Question 75

Due to weathering, surface waters could oxidize ore minerals and yield acidic solvents that dissolve other minerals. Oxidized ores could be leached of valuable materials and then brought downwards. It is then brought to below the water table where it precipitates thus a zone known as supergene sulfide enrichment

Answer 75

secondary-enrichment deposit

Question 76

When rainwater leaches elements but leaves behind others as part of the process of forming soil. The residue left can include concentrations of iron, aluminum or nickel. Laterite profile Iron = laterite zone Nickel = saprolite zone

Answer 76

residual mineral deposit

Question 77

Develop when rocks containing native metals erode Nuggets or metal flakes of metals such as gold would accumulate in sand or gravel along the course of rivers

Answer 77

placer deposit

Question 78

Contact metasomatic deposits Form due to the hydrothermal fluids that are released from magma which would alter the country rock (usually carbonate) to form a complex assemblage of minerals EXOSKARN - develops in any sedimentary country rock ENDOSKARN - develops in igneous country rocks

Answer 78

skarn

Question 79

Aggregation of ore minerals and gangue which one or more metals may be extracted at a profit

Answer 79

ore

Question 80

Associated, usually worthless, nonmetallic minerals of a deposit

Answer 80

gangue

Question 81

can be done at Earth’s surface or underground; metals mined include iron, copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, silver, gold and many others. Strip Mining. Open-pit Mining. Placer Mining - Panning, Sluice boxes, Hydraulic. Underground/bedrock mining. Negative environmental effects of mining. Tailings piles, surface scars, land subsidence, and acid mine drainage can be minimized.

Answer 81

mining

Question 82

The science and technology of extracting metals from their natural sources and preparing them for practical use

Answer 82

metallurgy

Question 83

A movable object with no direct use that is discarded permanently Waste Classification based on their components Solid Liquid gaseous Waste classification based on generator Municipal Commercial Industrial or Agricultural

Answer 83

waste

Question 84

solid and liquid wastes resulting from the ordinary day- to-day consumption of goods and services in a household Disposed food scraps, bottles, cans

Answer 84

municipal or domestic wastes

Question 85

wastes produced from business or trade; also included are wastes due to sports, recreation, education or entertainment Rubbish from food establishments (food wrappers and container)

Answer 85

commercial wastes

Question 86

wastes resulting from the manufacture of goods Effluents/wastewater from industries

Answer 86

industrial wastes

Question 87

wastes resulting from treatments of illnesses and trauma Disposed medical gloves, medicine containers, syringes

Answer 87

medical wastes

Question 88

wastes resulting from agricultural processes Excess fertilizer and pesticide solutions

Answer 88

agricultural wastes

Question 89

wastes resulting from mining and ore processing wastes from the extraction and production of coal Mine tailings, slag, wastewater with dissolved heavy metals

Answer 89

mining wastes

Question 90

all wastes resulting from the discovery, extraction and processing of oil and natural gas; also, wastes generated from drilling Gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide

Answer 90

oil and gas wastes

Question 91

wastes as by-products of nuclear power plants and/or other radioactive activities Spent nuclear fuels, radioactive materials

Answer 91

nuclear wastes

Question 92

creates favorable conditions for pathogen/microbial growth when wastes ferment handling of can result in various types of infectious and chronic diseases

Answer 92

organic domestic waste

Question 93

direct exposure can lead to diseases through chemical exposure

Answer 93

hazardous waste exposure

Question 94

disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal waste can expose people to chemical and radioactive hazards. Contamination of the water body or the ground water source when wastes are dumped near water bodies accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain through the plants and animals that feed on it.

Answer 94

waste from agriculture and industries

Question 95

requires special attention since this can create major health hazards.

Answer 95

disposal of hospital and other medical waste

Question 96

Improperly operated incineration plants air pollution Improperly managed and designed landfills attract all types of insects and rodents Ideally these sites should be located at a safe distance from all human settlement. Landfill sites should be well lined and walled to ensure that there is no leakage into the nearby ground water sources.

Answer 96

waste treatment and disposal sites

Question 97

isolation incineration attenuation

Answer 97

3 categories of disposal of solid and liquid wastes

Question 98

encapsulating, burying or in some other way removing waste from environment

Answer 98

isolation

Question 99

burning of trash leaving behind a smaller volume residue to be isolated/attenuated

Answer 99

incineration

Question 100

diluting or spreading of trash/pollutant so thinly so as to have little impact

Answer 100

attenuation

Question 101

Semisolid by-product of sewage treatments Maybe used as fertilizers. However sludge from industries must be properly disposed since they contain heavy metals and other toxic substances

Answer 101

sewage sludge

Question 102

Methane gas, generated when anaerobic microorganisms digest/ferment wastes in a landfill, can pose problems in landfills if not handled properly Leakage may cause unexpected explosions Can be utilized as fuel if extracted and purified properly

Answer 102

landfill gas generation

Question 103

Leachate from landfills may contaminate groundwater if not properly managed Poorly operated landfills may form an underground area of polluted groundwater (contaminant plume) due to leachate infiltration

Answer 103

leachate pollution

Question 103

recycling composting multi land-use strategies nuclear waste disposal

Answer 103

special situations on waste management