Court Cases- Unit 9

Question 1

Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 1

1990- helped to protect disabled Americans from discrimination at work.

Question 2

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Answer 2

Forbids organizations and employers from excluding or denying individuals with disabilities an equal opportunity to receive program benefits and services

Question 3

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 3

Outlawed racial segregation in public schools

Question 4

Civil Rights Act of 1960

Answer 4

Established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someone’s attempt to register to vote.

Question 5

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Answer 5

It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting.

Question 6

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Answer 6

It mandated the desegregation of all public schools.

Question 7

Rehabilitation Act

Answer 7

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was the first law to provide equal access for people with disabilities by removing architectural, employment, and transportation barriers.

Question 8

14th amendment

Answer 8

Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all persons “born or naturalized in the United States,” including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws,”

Question 9

13th Amendment

Answer 9

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Question 10

15th Amendment

Answer 10

“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” The 15th Amendment guaranteed African American men the right to vote.

Question 11

19th amendment

Answer 11

The 19th amendment legally guarantees American women the right to vote.

Question 12

Lum V Rice: Details

Answer 12

• Children were told to leave and attend the black school in town instead—they were now considered colored.
• Sued to get their daughters back into the white school, making the argument that it was discriminatory to force Asian students to attend a school in which “colored” otherwise meant black

Question 13

Lum V. Rice: Verdict

Answer 13

• the Court held that the exclusion on account of race of a child of Chinese ancestry from a public school did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Question 14

Lum V. Rice: Significance

Answer 14

Upholds some of the precedents set by Plessy v Ferguson, as much as it argues for more rights, it did it with the argument of racism toward blacks

Question 15

Mendez V Westminster: Details

Answer 15

The school district’s side was saying that the Mexicans were inferior in all aspects and that they were pigs that should remain in the fields.
- Some childer were allowed into the school and some weren’t because some looked lighter than others
- The kids themselves testified and in reality, they knew English and they were arguing for segregation because they didn’t know English

Question 16

Mendez V Westminster: Significance

Answer 16

• This was the first successful school desegregation court decision in the nation.
• didn’t apply to the full united states, and it wasn’t appealed so that the supreme court wouldn’t overturn this.

Question 17

Mendez V Westminster: Verdict

Answer 17

Courts ruled in favor of the Mendez family and their co-plaintiffs in California, finding segregated schools to be unconstitutional.

Question 18

Mendez V. Westminster: Argument

Answer 18

That segregating K–12 students based on their nationality or ethnic background violated the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

Question 19

Brown V Board 2: Details

Answer 19

The Court issued a second opinion in the case (known as Brown v. Board of Education II)

Question 20

Brown V Board 2: Verdict

Answer 20

The Court declared that racial segregation in public schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, overturned Plessy v Ferguson

Question 21

What is the difference between Brown V. Board 1 and 2

Answer 21

While Brown v. Board of Education prevented legal segregation, Brown v Board 2 ordered them to integrate schools

Question 22

With what speed were district courts and school boards ordered to proceed with desegregation?

Answer 22

Deliberate speed

Question 23

Milken V Bradley: Detail

Answer 23

• Charging that the Detroit, Michigan public school system was racially segregated as a result of official policies was filed against Governor Milliken.

Question 24

Milken V. Bradley: Question

Answer 24

Did federal courts have the authority to impose a multi-district desegregation plan on schools outside the Detroit area?

Question 25

Milken V Bradley: Verdict

Question 26

Swann V Charlotte: Details

Answer 26

• Approximately 29% (24,000) of the pupils were Negro, about 14,000 of whom attended 21 schools that were at least 99% Negro. This resulted from a desegregation plan approved by the District Court in 1965
• Lower courts had experimented with a number of possible solutions when the case reached the Supreme Court.

Question 27

Swann V Charlotte: Question

Answer 27

Were federal courts constitutionally authorized to oversee and produce remedies for state-imposed segregation?

Question 28

Swann V Charlotte: Verdict

Answer 28

• Remedial plans were to be judged by their effectiveness, and the use of mathematical ratios or quotas were legitimate starting points for the solution
• Predominantly or exclusively black schools required close watch by courts
• No rigid guidelines could be established concerning the busing of students to particular schools.

Question 29

How did Swann V Charlotte Rule?

Answer 29

Ruled based upon a precedent

Question 30

Parents Involved in Community Schools (PICS) v.Seattle School District No. 1: Details

Answer 30

• The district used a system of tiebreakers to decide which students would be admitted to the popular schools.
• The second most important tiebreaker was a racial factor intended to maintain racial diversity
• Parent sued, arguing that the racial tiebreaker violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Washington laws.

Question 31

Parents Involved in Community Schools (PICS) v.Seattle School District No. 1: Question

Answer 31

1) Do the decisions in Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger apply to public high school students?

2) Is racial diversity a compelling interest that can justify the use of race in selecting students for admission to public high schools?

3) Does a school district that normally permits a student to attend the high school of her choice violate the Equal Protection Clause by denying the student admission to her chosen school because of her race in an effort to achieve a desired racial balance?

Question 32

Parents Involved in Community Schools (PICS) v.Seattle School District No. 1

Answer 32

The District Court granted summary judgment to the school district, finding that state law did not bar the district’s use of the racial tiebreaker and that the plan survived strict scrutiny on the federal constitutional claim because it was narrowly tailored to serve a compelling government interest.

Question 33

Which of the following statements best explains why the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a significant political event?
Choose 1 answer:

Answer 33

It prohibited discrimination in public places, employment, and voting

Question 34

How the Supreme Court responded to Brown V Board 2

Answer 34

The Supreme Court ruled that the “separate but equal” doctrine violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Question 35

Why is the Voting Rights Act of 1965 a significant political event?

Answer 35

It removed structural barriers to minority voting. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 forbade the use of formal and informal structural barriers to African American suffrage, like literacy tests.

Question 36

Gayle V Browder: Details

Answer 36

Martin Luther King, Jr. led a boycott of the racially segregated bus system in Montgomery Alabama, the Legal Defense Fund of the NAACP challenged racial segregation on the bus system in the federal courts